Rev, OT mosaic

One of the great facts about the Book of Revelation is that the entire book from beginning to end is a mosaic of quotations from and allusions to the rest of the Bible. (Along these same lines, cp also Arthur Gibson’s scholarly article and compilation, “701 Quotations in the Apocalypse”, published in The Testimony.)

In the rest of Scripture the citation of or allusion to earlier parts of the Bible is normally (even eagerly!) taken as an inspired instruction as to how such a passage ought to be interpreted.

The amazing facts are that (1) these quotations and allusions are remarkably dominant in the Apocalypse (scarcely a verse lacks one or more), but that (2) to a large extent the “continuous-historical” (CH) interpretations resolutely ignore most of them, eg:

  • Rev 6:12-17, an obvious prophecy about the establishment of the Kingdom of God (cp v 12 with Eze 38:19 and Joel 2:31; vv 13,14 with Isa 34:4; v 15 with Psa 2:2 and Isa 2:10,19; and v 16 with Hos 10:8) is often interpreted as Constantine’s overthrow of Roman paganism in the fourth century!

  • Rev 6:13, with its pointer to the “fig tree” (Jer 24:1-10; Hos 9:10; Mic 7:1; Joel 1:7; Mat 21:9; 24:32,33; Luk 13:6-9; 21:29-31), is generally overlooked as having anything to do with Israel.

  • Rev 9:1-11: The great locust invasion is obviously borrowed from Joel’s prophecy about Israel in the Last Days, yet it is usually interpreted on CH principles as being fulfilled by Mohammed and the Saracens in the 7th century!

  • Rev 11:8: The great city where the Lord was crucified is (again, according to CH) not Jerusalem, but Rome!

  • Rev 11:11: This resurrection from the dead supposedly (according to CH) took place in France about 1790!

  • Rev 12:10: “Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of his Christ.” The Kingdom of God? Or Constantine’s elevation to power (c AD 320)?

The enormous number of OT quotations in the Apocalypse leads to this thought: If we can determine what patterns are to be found in most, or all, of the OT prophets, then we may expect to find the same or similar patterns in Revelation.

To Christadelphians, certain patterns in the OT prophets are superficially obvious:

  1. The importance of the Abrahamic promises regarding the Land of Promise.

  2. The importance of the Davidic promises regarding the throne of the Lord in Jerusalem.

  3. Israel’s return to its own Land in the Last Days, its repentance and turning back to God.

  4. The establishment of the Kingdom of God.

These patterns are all to be found — in large measure — in the Book of Revelation.

Another clear pattern emerges from the most general look at the OT prophets:

1. ISAIAH pronounces Divine judgments upon ten Arab nations (Isa 13-23), led by the “Assyrian” (Isa 8; 10; 30; 31; 36-39) — also called the king of Babylon (Isa 14:4,25) — who threatens Jerusalem.

2. JEREMIAH is predominantly about the impending Babylonian captivity of Jerusalem. Great judgments are proclaimed against Babylon (Jer 50; 51), along with her allies Edom, Moab, Philistia, etc (Jer 25:15-26; Jer 44-49).

3. EZEKIEL likewise speaks of an attack upon Jerusalem by Babylon, aided by its allies the Arab nations round about (Eze 25). Egypt is also condemned because it does not help Israel (Eze 29-32). Edom is esp to be judged for its hatred of Israel (Eze 35; 36).

4. DANIEL describes — as part of an image the head of which represents Babylon — a Last Days confederacy of ten kingdoms of mixed, or mingled, iron and clay (Dan 2:41,43). In Heb the word “mixed” is the same as “arab”. It is this confederacy of ten kings which will be smashed by the “little stone”, Christ, just before the establishment of the Kingdom of God.

5. JOEL describes, under the figure of a locust invasion of Israel, an attack upon the Land by a group of nations intent upon a “holy war” (Joel 3:9, AV mg). (One Heb word for “locust” looks very much like “arab”!) The nations which are actually named are Tyre, Zidon, Philistia, Egypt, and Edom.

6. AMOS promises God’s upraised hand in judgment upon Syria, Philistia, Tyre, Edom, Ammon, and Moab — for their violence against Israel.

7. OBADIAH singles out Edom for special vengeance from the Lord.

8. MICAH warns that the Assyrian, from the land of Nimrod (Mic 5:5,6), will tread down God’s palaces, but that he will in turn be destroyed by God.

9. ZEPHANIAH pronounces judgments upon Philistia, Moab, Ammon, and the Assyrians.

10. ZECHARIAH, which is quoted often in Rev, promises Divine judgments upon the Philistines (Zec 9:5,6), as well as Egypt (Zec 14:18,19) and the Canaanites (Zec 14:21).

In all the above, the initial fulfillments plainly are patterns for a Last Days fulfillment.

Here is one theme common to almost all the OT prophets: Divine judgments in the Last Days upon Babylon/Assyria and its Arab allies (approximately ten in number: cp Gen 15:18-21; Psa 83:6-8; Dan 7:7 with Rev 12:3; 13:1; etc). Given the tremendous extent to which Rev is a mosaic of the OT prophets, does this provide a key to the Last Days interpretation of Rev?

It is understandable that in 1860 (when the Ottoman Empire ruled over all the Middle East and there were no independent Arab nations) even as fine a Bible scholar as John Thomas — who expected the return of Christ within a few years, at most — would not have appreciated all the implications of this particular theme. But it is much less understandable if, in the 21st century, diligent and serious Bible students still cannot see the common threads which link these OT prophets to the Apocalypse… or, seeing them, will not draw the logical conclusions.

Reading the Bible

  1. Pray to God for wisdom to accept and understand His Word (Jam 1:5; Mat 7:7).

  2. Believe the Bible was written for your personal investigation and instruction in divine ways (2Ti 3:16; Rom 15:4; 1Co 10:11).

  3. Read carefully every chapter in the book or letter to become familiar with the terms, people, situations, and teachings. Thorough reading is indispensable in obtaining a good working knowledge of the text.

  4. Allow the text to explain itself. Often the explanation of a situation or symbol or event is given in the immediate context of the verse(s) under consideration.

  5. Use clear, simple passages to aid in unraveling the meaning of less clear, more complex passages.

  6. Follow up the OT and NT cross-references, which can be especially enlightening; but make sure the context is the same.

  7. Determine what Scripture meant to the initial readers. Correctly understanding the historical meaning and application is necessary to determine if there is an appropriate application to your life.

  8. Be consistent in your interpretation. The same event or symbol in the same or similar context should probably yield the same instruction or lesson. Any conclusion should be in harmony with previous firmly-established-by-plain-Scripture teachings.

  9. Consult other books and commentaries for their suggestions and conclusions. But make sure that your research is objective and critical, without blind acceptance or prejudice.

  10. Discuss your own conclusions with others, attending Bible classes/seminars/schools in order to exchange information. You should be willing to change your thinking if something better is demonstrated from the Bible — after all, you are looking for Truth.

  11. Realize that Bible study is a means to an end, not an end in itself. God is looking for your humble obedience, not just your intellectual development.

  12. Remember that understanding the gospel of God is meant to lead you to a life worthy of the Lord and to bear fruit for His glory (Phi 1:27; Eph 4:1; 1Th 2:12; Col 1:6; Rom 7:4; Joh 15:2). (NF)

Reconciliation basics

  1. We are all unrighteous; unity declares the righteousness of God, disunity declares the flesh. Assigning blame declares the flesh. Instead of eating and drinking, we should be thinking about the fast that the Lord chooses (Isa 58).

  2. None of us can reconcile with a pointed finger.
  3. Our submission cannot be dependent on the submission of others.

  4. Fellowship practice is always based on the judgment of a group.

  5. Human fellowship practice can’t operate perfectly. Sharp definition cuts, and blurry lines are confusing.

  6. Jesus never said whom to break bread with. He said “as often” as to the frequency, and “remember me” as to the object.

  7. “In all labor there is profit, but the talk of the lips tends only to want.” We should be working together, instead of wasting time with words.

  8. Our purpose is to bury the sins of the past, and go forward together in fruitfulness. The profit is in the work.

  9. If we can’t make a sacrifice for our children, they will inherit our sins.

  10. Jesus put reconciliation and service before the bread and wine (Mat 5, Luk 19).

  11. Self-sacrifice is so unnatural that we can use principle to justify its refusal.

  12. It was wrong for the Jews to strike the Lord, but it was right for Jesus to submit to their judgment — because it was God’s will. He could have argued against their sin in his own defense. But he didn’t. He submitted.

  13. Our disunity on the larger scale is a bad testimony to the world.

  14. The Lord requires humility, confession, repentance, submission and love from us all. Humility acknowledges that God alone is righteous, confession acknowledges our own sin — not our brother’s, repentance changes it, submission respects the judgment of other brethren, and love covers a multitude of sins. This isn’t hard, it is just unnatural.

Finally, let the scriptures address the relationship between submission and fellowship:

FIRST: “Let as many servants as are under the yoke count their own masters worthy of all honour, that the name of God and his doctrine be not blasphemed. And they that have believing masters, (body / ekklesia / majority) let them not despise them, because they are brethren; but rather do them service, because they are faithful and beloved, partakers of the benefit. These things teach and exhort” (1Ti 6:1,2).

THEN: “If any man teach otherwise, and consent not to wholesome words, even the words of our Lord Jesus Christ, (“be one” / “serve” ) and to the doctrine which is according to godliness; he is proud, knowing nothing, but doting about questions and strifes of words, whereof cometh envy, strife, railings, evil surmisings, perverse disputings of men of corrupt minds, and destitute of the truth, supposing that gain is godliness: from such withdraw thyself” (1Ti 6:3-5).

Is he saying to withdraw from those who refuse to serve believing masters? Is he saying that it blasphemes God not to honor the yoke of believing masters? It would seem that the criterion for fellowship in this passage is whether or not a person teaches and consents to submission.

When God reconciled the world, his only Son took it in the flesh — like a lamb — with no words. If this doesn’t break our hearts and our spirit, nothing will. Brethren, we must love one another… as Christ loved us.. and gave himself for us.

Please.

(Mark Giordano)


See Lesson, Reconciliation principles.

Reconciliation principles

The first principle of reconciliation is that “God was reconciling the world to himself in Christ” (2Co 5:19). Therefore reconciliation begins with God. Yet it isn’t only that God was “in Christ”, but also that Christ is “in us”. If so, then the process that began with God in Christ, is continued with Christ in us, giving us the same “hope of glory”. If we are also “in Christ”, then God’s reconciliation is continued in us. Reconciliation is manifested in oneness with Him and with each other.

Yet somehow, in spite of the prayer of Jesus that we “be one”, dispute, discord and divorce still produce differences in brethren that are rationalized as being irreconcilable. The flesh still capitalizes on “doubtful disputations” and indulges in “stupid controversies”. Where differences are reconciled, the Light shines. Grudges evaporate. False accusations are displaced by forgiveness. Disputes about “greatness” are set aside for service. Marriages regain their warmth. Ecclesias survive their dilemmas. Positions defer to Scripture. And wasteful divisions, “which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear” (Act 15:10), are ended for good.

The following principles have been compiled to show specific aspects of reconciliation as God sees it, as Christ practiced it, and as it must be evinced in us in our “ministry of reconciliation” (2Co 5:18). What follows is only a selective list of principles on reconciliation. They are those that stood out to me as being particularly relevant to division between brethren during an eight-month consideration of reconciliation. By selecting principles that apply to attitude, I have not meant to imply that reconciliation in the truth is not dependent upon sameness of mind around doctrine. Faith begins with doctrine. This series is directed toward conflict that originates from flesh and functionally separates true brethren.

Principles:

1. “He punishes the children and their children for the sin of the fathers to the third and fourth generation” (Exo 34:7).

Time doesn’t change the importance of reconciliation.

It is a disconcerting realization that the sin of discord can be passed to the fourth generation. Although God is merciful, His punishment of guilty fathers visits the sin upon their children to the third and the fourth generation. As children of division, we have the choice to make or break the cycle. We can offer the necessary sacrifice to save our children from growing up with the stigma of a community separated from another of “like precious faith,” or we can perpetuate it. We are compelled to end division for the sake of our children.

2. “[Caleb] follows me wholeheartedly” (Num 14:24).

Reconciliation requires following God fully.

When God commanded Israel to take the land, the congregation was in an emotional uproar. There were two spirits. Most people wanted to do the wrong thing. Driven by fear, they said “we are not able to go.” But Caleb had said, “we are well able to overcome it.” Motivated by faith alone, Caleb ignored human reasoning and focused on the fruit of obedience. The Lord asked of the fearful, “How long will they despise me, and how long will they not believe in me?” Of Caleb he said, “He has a different spirit, and has followed me fully.” That spirit was the Spirit of Christ, always deferring against human reasoning to the will of the Father. Reconciliation commands us to let there be no schism among brethren. How can we follow God fully? As we consider how to close an unrighteous schism, perhaps there are two spirits — that which says “we are not able,” and that which says “we are well able,” because it is the Lord’s command.

3. “How long will you waver between two opinions?” (1Ki 18:21).

Halting between opinions stifles reconciliation.

This is especially noticeable when the opinions are “certainly should” and “certainly should not”. Two opinions, two judgments, two positions in controversy; or matters too hard — ambivalence stops us in our tracks. In the Law, when matters too hard emerged, they were settled by the judgment of the priests in a place where the Lord chose. We have only one priest, and the place he has chosen is below the Table, in humility serving one another. Dispute overrides service; yet the Lord made humility a priority over bread and wine. When the years of controversy are prolonged, what might have been accomplished in works is wasted in indecision. Reconciliation isn’t accomplished in a halt. Schisms are ongoing, self-canceling cycles of unproductive consumption.

4. “…Because it was done so quickly” (2Ch 29:36).

When God works reconciliation, it doesn’t need a lot of time.

It didn’t matter how long the doors of the temple had been stuck shut from disuse, and the Passover ignored. When Hezekiah determined to reconcile Israel, it took only eight days. All those of a “free heart” brought a sacrifice to the Lord. Their hearts were not bound up with personal considerations or fettered with fear. When the Passover was finally restored it didn’t take very long. “Hezekiah and all the people rejoiced at what God had brought about for his people, because it was done so quickly.” But it only involved the immediate company of Hezekiah. Israel remained to be convinced. So a proclamation was made throughout all Israel that they should come and keep the Passover. When the couriers went out with the message, they were scorned and mocked. Only a few responded at first, “humbled themselves” and came to Jerusalem. Others from Judah came when the hand of God gave them “one heart to do what the king commanded… by the word of the Lord.” Afterward “many people came together… a very great assembly.” Likewise, it doesn’t matter how long our communities have been held apart by contention, all those of a “free [or willing] heart” can be of “one heart” and do what the king commands.

5. “You are right! We must do as you say” (Ezr 10:12).

It doesn’t matter what is required; reconciliation leaves no option but to do it.

When the priests of Israel realized they had disobeyed God, sinned and led all Israel astray, it wasn’t a question of what should be done, or how it should it be done. It didn’t matter to them that it seemed impractical, imposing, or even inconceivable. Knowing that the sin was the same as their fathers, they did what was required to repent. Their repentance accounted for the fact that Israel’s “ekklesial” relationship to God was dependent on familial repentance. God had commanded them to refrain from admixture with the surrounding nations. When they realized they had sinned, they did what the Lord commanded without consideration of an option, or regard for themselves. It was reconciliation by self-sacrifice and obedience.

6. “And they sent them away with their children” (Ezr 10:44).

Even if reconciliation requires setting personal feelings aside, it is still right.

It was almost an incomprehensible act of faith for the priests of Israel to put their wives and children away in reconciling Israel to God. They had abandoned the Law. They intermarried with the nations around them. Jesus echoed this weakness when he said: “No one who has left home or brothers or sisters or mother or father or children or fields for me and the gospel will fail to receive a hundred times as much in this present age (homes, brothers, sisters, mothers, children and fields — and with them, persecutions) and in the age to come, eternal life” (Mar 10:29,30). For believers, this principle is perfectly acceptable on occasions where people are converted to the Truth from conventional Christianity. Beyond that, the principle becomes unthinkable. Yet the Lord tells us that there will be times when we will be called upon to sacrifice a personal relationship, or a rote tradition, in order to follow him. Thus on several occasions, it appeared to the Pharisees as if Jesus was violating the law, when in fact he was keeping it.

7. “There are six things the LORD hates, seven that are detestable to him…” (Pro 6:16-19).

Reconciliation is blocked by discord that mutates into tradition.

The seventh abomination that God hates is “a man who stirs up (or sows) dissension among brothers”. But what of those who cultivate it? And how is it that the same God who “loved the world” hates the sower of discord? Why so strong? The answer may lie in the word “sow.” It has been God’s intent from the start to sow the seed of faith, reaping its fruitfulness in the world. Anything that reverses this process runs against the very purpose of God. In addition to spreading discord in the field around him, the sower also propagates it for future generations. The seed of discord then spreads still further in the “wind of doctrine.” The traditions of men are not only contagious; they are socially genetic. We inherit wrong attitudes as easily as we inherit false doctrine. Discord mutates into family or church tradition, and tradition can be taught for doctrine as it was in Israel and has been for two thousand years in the apostate church. Every Christadelphian recognizes the tendency for schism to be sown from generation to generation. We know that contentions are passed from fathers to children. And we know that it is a legacy unforgiven if unrepented of, when it is between brethren. As God hates the sower, he surely hates the discord. Reconciliation converts discord to fruit.

8. “Pride only breeds quarrels” (Pro 13:10).

It follows therefore that only by humility comes reconciliation.

Pride is like fault. It only seems to lie in others. Everyone recognizes that there has been contention among Christadelphians for a hundred years. Yet mysteriously, the fault can’t be isolated. Or it is always somewhere else. When the finger is pointed, the blame itself is divisive. Yet the pointed finger is the very thing God says ruins worship. So “let a man examine himself.” Each of us should examine only ourselves to discover how in all this we might be contributing to contention, by pointing the finger, or by holding to opinion in the name of doctrine. When we are humble enough to admit our part of the problem without insisting on isolating the part of others, reconciliation naturally follows.

9. “Do you see a man wise in his own eyes? There is more hope for a fool than for him” (Pro 26:12).

Reconciliation is impossible when a man is right in his own eyes.

No man has ever been more right than the Son of God. How easily he might have suggested crucifying the world, and saving himself. How persuasively he could have argued his own position. Yet it would have been impossible for God to reconcile the world unto Himself if Jesus had stood on his own rightness. Reconciliation was achieved only because Jesus knew that the Father was more right than himself, so he laid himself upon the cross to declare God’s righteousness, claiming none for himself. In other words, because he was flesh, even the Son of God was not wise in his own eyes. How much more should we, in our relative ignorance and weakness, remember to assign rightness to God alone, never thinking more of ourselves than we ought to think? Reconciliation is dependent upon humility. Self-rightness nullifies it.

10. “The fire which never says ‘Enough’ ” (Pro 30:16; Jam 3:5).

In every place where reconciliation has been set aside for a century, the fire of controversy has never yet said “Enough”. Fire spreads. The tongue is a fire. When contention spreads, “the tongue stains the whole body,” and so there is a stain on the garment. At what point do we say “Enough” to the “unrighteous world among our members?” It is time to say “Enough”, and end divisions wherever they are, lest the Lord returns to find us burning the forest instead of the lamp.

11. “I have no pleasure in the blood of bulls and lambs and goats” (Isa 1:11).

God doesn’t delight in tradition or ritual. Reconciliation operates on the heart.

Wouldn’t you think that Israel could have realized that there was more to worship than sticks, stones, animals and fire. Burnt offerings were a commandment of the Law, and yet the prophet Isaiah still had to remind Israel that the commandment was only there to teach the lesson of real obedience from the heart. Samuel clarified the distinction when he asked, “Does the LORD delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices as much as in obeying the voice of the LORD? To obey is better than sacrifice, and to heed is better than the fat of rams” (1Sa 15:22). When we make the ritual the religion, we are in danger of making a bull or a goat out of the sacrifice of Christ. Surely, in the same sense, the Lord does not delight in bread and wine, but in One Body, crucified flesh, and newness of life.

12. “Confessing my sin” (Dan 9:20).

Reconciliation is impossible without the confession of personal sin.

No one would question the faith and stellar character of Daniel at the time he received word of God’s intent to “make reconciliation for iniquity”. He was “greatly beloved”. How is it that he is found in the same context confessing his own sin in addition to the sin of his people? What was his own sin? To him the mystery of the Kingdom had been revealed. He was fearless and faithful in prayer unto death. An “excellent spirit” was in him. What iniquity did he present in supplication before the Lord that elicited a personal visit from the angel Gabriel? Was it perhaps that he had grown accustomed to Israel’s separation from God? Was it that his favor and position in Babylon had made him complacent about the initial conditions in Israel by which she was brought into captivity? Could it be that he had begun to regard the word of the Lord as a “burden”? We can’t know, but what we do know is that it was not until he confessed his sins, that the Lord hearkened to his prayer. On the other hand, accepting a condition of sin obviates its confession and stultifies reconciliation.

13. “I hate divorce” (Mal 2:16).

Divorce and discord are the same. God hates them both. Reconciliation cures them both.

“Irreconcilable differences” is a term of humanism — a term of breech — an accommodation of the flesh. No follower of Christ should ever be found using the reasoning of the world to justify a sin that degrades the glory of God as much as disunity among brethren. God’s “hatred” of human wickedness is utter enmity against it. Hatred is the strongest opposition cited by God against various forms of evil. For God to say that he hates discord and divorce means that they directly and entirely violate his righteousness. It also means that for us to disregard his command to reconciliation is an unacceptable level of indifference to his word. If we love God, we hate the things he hates. If we love righteousness, we love reconciliation.

14. “Leave your gift there in front of the altar. First go and be reconciled to your brother; then come and offer your gift” (Mat 5:24).

Reconciliation is a priority over the breaking of bread.

The only reason Jesus would command us to reconcile before offering our gift at the altar is that atonement is meaningless if it is selfish. For sacrifice to God to be regarded as unselfish, it should be drawn from personal reconciliation. Were we to accept the covering of our own sin at the altar without providing for the covering of sin with our brethren, we would miss the point of the atonement. “Judgment without mercy will be shown to anyone who has not been merciful” (Jam 2:13). This simple idea is at the heart of every lesson Jesus taught about transgression and forgiveness. “Forgive us our sins, for we also forgive everyone who sins against us” (Luk 11:4) is another way of making reconciliation with God dependent on reconciliation with one another. The one gift we know we can bring to the Lord at the altar of his covenant is the gift of reconciliation. If it is to be done first, then it is urgent.

15. “Anyone who marries the divorced woman commits adultery” (Mat 5:32).

What if reconciliation is related to the second coming of Christ?

There is an eerie implication in this statement from the Sermon on the Mount. But it is not realized unless marriage is considered in its larger context of the second coming of Christ. The Lord will take the role of a Bridegroom in order to fulfill His father’s promise that He would betroth us to Him forever. The faithful will be the Bride. We can’t know what the proportion of the faithful raised will be to the faithful living at the time of the second coming of Christ. All we know is that he said it is adultery to marry a divorced woman. If we are the Bride, or part of the Bride, and we have divorced our brethren in our heart, will he marry us?

16. “That they may be one” (Joh 17:22).

Reconciliation follows regard for this prayer.

When the Lord faced his death, he knew that it meant the final conclusion to God’s reconciliation in him. Once Jesus was obedient unto death, His father had succeeded in reconciling the world unto himself. The mystery was not only revealed, it was also accomplished. It was a turning point in God’s very existence, in that when the seed was “planted” (buried) in righteousness, an immortal son would be “born” (resurrected) to God, and as an effect the world would be saved. What then was the one thought, the single priority, the most earnest desire on the Lord’s mind as he prepared his disciples for his obedience? It was that they would “be one”, even as he was one with his Father. It was that they would make a testimony of love and righteousness, by which the Truth could be proclaimed to a dark world. It was that they had every reason to continue the reconciliation he demonstrated. It was that reconciliation was in effect the last will of the Lord before he gave himself for us. It was that unity was at the heart of the Body of Christ. Can we disregard his prayer and nullify in ourselves the Glory he shared with his Father?

17. “May they be brought to complete unity to let the world know that you sent me” (Joh 17:23).

Reconciliation isn’t much of an issue where there is no preaching.

According to Jesus, our “being one” is important because of the world’s perception. Jesus knew that the ministry he was appointing would be dependent upon the unity of his followers. Our relationship with each other is part of our testimony to the world. Jesus specifically states this when he prayed that we “be one”. His reason was “so that the world may believe that you have sent me” (Joh 17:21). In other words, the importance of unity is that it affects the perception the world has of Christ by the testimony of our beliefs and behavior. Furthermore, the implication made by Jesus is that the world may not know that he is “the son of the Living God” to the extent that there is schism among us. Having a desire to preach the Truth, we cannot accept the stigma of division in the background of our testimony.

18. “I appeal to you, brothers, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that all of you agree with one another so that there may be no divisions among you and that you may be perfectly united in mind and thought” (1Co 1:10).

Sameness of mind isn’t an accidental consequence; it is an act of spiritual will.

In several places the apostles give us a simple command to those within. “Be of the same mind”, “speak the same thing”, “agree in the Lord.” This is not the wisdom of the world. The world teaches that affinity is happenstance — that agreement is more an influence of chance than deliberation. Deliberate agreement can seem like mindless capitulation where independent thinking is viewed as the ultimate self-fulfillment. But for brethren in the Lord nothing could be further from the truth. Agreement comes first as a result of having the same faith based upon God’s word — of letting his mind be in us. Then it comes from a deliberate intent to agree. “Aim for perfection, listen to my appeal, be of one mind, live in peace” (2Co 13:11). In Rom 12:16, we are told, “Live in harmony with one another. Do not be proud, but be willing to associate with people of low position. Do not be conceited” — that is, avoid sentiments or opinions about lofty things, and avoid dependence upon intelligence or intellectual attainments. When the intellect is strong, humility requires deliberate discipline. Intellectually challenging brethren with debate is contrary to a spirit of reconciliation. It is at this very point that knowledge puffs up when, instead, love should be building up.

19. “I am of Paul, and I of Apollos” (1Co 1:12).

Reconciliation is in obvious need where brethren group under names.

Christadelphians have more exposure to this reproof than they should, given their knowledge of God’s word. I am of Thomas, and I of Andrew, and I of Williams — or whoever else. The context is an earnest appeal that “all of you agree with one another so that there may be no divisions among you.” What exactly do we think he means by this in the context of our identification with books written by men as if they came from God? Books may be good, but if they become banners of schism, the identification is wrong. It is a misappropriation of the intent to edify. Paul implies that if we are divided, we are not in Christ, since Christ is not divided. He accentuates the exhortation by asking in whose name we are baptized — in men, or in Christ. The force of his exhortation is that reconciliation is dependent on agreement with Christ, and agreement with Christ is not dependent on the eloquent treatises of men.

20. “I have no need of you” (1Co 12:21).

This thought obviates reconciliation.

To ignore reconciliation is to reject the body of Christ. If the Lord had been content with his own righteousness, his spiritual caliber, his distinction from sin, his position with God, or his understanding of the Truth, he might have said, “I have no need of you” to all the rest of us. But if he had, we would be yet in our sins. Though he was perfect, he recognized that he was to be the head of a much larger body — a body composed of thousands of interdependent parts, with a variety of purposes, in which “all the body by joints and bands having nourishment ministered, and knit together, increaseth with the increase of God” (Col 2:19). By enabling the flesh of that body to be covered with the robe of his righteousness, “he did not count their trespasses against them.” Neither should we, lest we be found not needing the Body of Christ, and by implication, not being a part of it ourselves.

21. “So that there should be no division in the body, but that its parts should have equal concern for each other” (1Co 12:25).

Discord confuses reconciliation.

In the figure of the one Body, Paul tells us that God has made greater and lesser parts — parts with greater and lesser honor. He further says that God has adjusted the body, giving the greater honor to the inferior part. What does this suggest about the prominent, the dominant, the eloquent, or the vocal? Where is the honor in the debate? What is the value of complex disquisitions? Where is the “simplicity that is in Christ” found in the pompous machinations of intellectual particle physics? Without any uncertainty, Paul says that “those parts of the body that seem to be weaker are indispensable” (v 22). Who are the weaker among our members? Are they the women who keep silent? Are they the quiet doers of those complex exhortations? Are they the visitors of the sick? Are they the innocent younger, or the wearied elder? Are they the washers of feet, or the poor and the maimed? Who are they — the leaders or the servants, the scribes or their readers? Was it the meek and lowly who made division that has torn families in half and separated the beloved of the Lord? The spirit of reconciliation demands that there be no schism in the body, because the body should be nourished, not torn apart.

22. “Its parts should have equal concern for each other” (1Co 12:25).

Reconciliation places equal value on both communities.

How can we have the same care one for another, if we don’t associate with one another? Can we all suffer together if we are disjoined? What kind of body is disjoined? Is the body of Christ disjoined? Is it dystrophic? Is it atrophic? Can we all rejoice together if we are out of touch with the honor that would otherwise give us cause to rejoice? If we place value on one part and none on another, or if we associate with one part and ignore the other, then we miss the mark of impartial care for one another.

23. “Love is not self-seeking” (1Co 13:5).

Insisting on our own way obstructs reconciliation.

This is very easy to understand, but so very difficult to put into practice. It is difficult because we are inherently proud. Non-insistent love cannot come from emotion because it is so unnatural. In fact, emotion prevents it. Emotional guile manifests itself in intransigence, anger, and factionalism. It quickly subverts the discipline of deference to brethren. The flesh asserts itself in relentless contention, arrogant dominance, or hardness of heart. When we don’t insist on our own way, reconciliation is easy.

24. “He has given us a ministry of reconciliation” (2Co 5:18).

Reconciliation is our primary work in the truth.

The reason reconciliation is a priority is that the reconciling work of God in Christ can only be continued through the work of his body. If God’s reconciliation “didn’t count their sins against them,” we are charged with the same in our “ministry of reconciliation”. It is a message of restoration through forgiveness. “We are therefore Christ’s ambassadors, as though God were making his appeal through us” (2Co 5:20). And what is that appeal? What is at the root of reconciliation? It is the covering of sin. Reconciliation only works inasmuch as sin is covered. Where there is discord there is sin. Although it may have been sin that divided us in the past, it is only in its covering that we can be reconciled in the present.

25. “Dissensions, factions (party spirit)… works of the flesh” (Gal 5:19).

Party spirit always argues against reconciliation.

Why is it that there are clearly defined parties, party platforms, party explanations, and party terms, but no one seems to want to assume responsibility for “party spirit”? Do you have it? Or is it always in someone else — there on the other side of a pointed finger? Or perhaps it is nowhere, since judgment is required to identify it, and none of us can judge. But there is an ominous warning attached to this devious work of the flesh. And the warning is only useful in self-examination. Not only does Paul enumerate the works of the flesh for us, but he says they are plain. What he means is that they are publicly manifest, or externally apparent. That means party spirit shows. The warning is plain enough too: “Those who do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God.” Party spirit is dangerous disunion. Reconciliation dissolves it.

26. “His purpose was to create in himself one new man out of the two, thus making peace, and in this one body to reconcile both of them to God through the cross, by which he put to death their hostility” (Eph 2:15,16).

Reconciliation breaks down dividing walls and preaches peace.

We were once separated from Christ, being alienated from the commonwealth of Israel. But now since Christ has broken down the dividing wall of hostility between Jew and Gentile, making us both one — making us all one in Christ — you would think that we would understand the importance of keeping a dividing wall of hostility from being set up in yet another way — between brethren. When Jesus came and preached peace, he preached it to brethren who were “far off”, so that the whole structure is joined together and grows into a holy temple in the Lord. The temple of the Lord has no walls of hostility, and is not built upon division. Reconciliation removes the stones from the walls of pride that divide brethren.

27. “Submit to one another out of reverence for Christ” (Eph 5:21).

Submission is the means of reconciliation.

It may not be readily apparent how dependent reconciliation is upon submission. Submission runs against the human grain. But it was the submission of Jesus, even to the cross that enabled the world to be reconciled to God. Without his submission, we would be yet in our sins and without hope. Submission is the means by which reconciliation can be achieved. It is an extraordinarily simple idea, and an extremely difficult thing to concede. Everything in us defies authority, and especially as it might be embodied in another human being, or worse, a consensus. But if ever there was an opportunity to take a stand against submission it was when the world brought the son of God to trial in a Roman court. Yet, he was as submissive as a lamb brought to the slaughter. Opening not his mouth, he proved that the way of reconciliation is through submission. Ultimately, it relinquishes all control to God, to whom it really belongs. The passage also says, “Submit to one another.” This has been used to argue that submission is dependent on mutual observance. That is, the flesh says, if you aren’t submissive, then I don’t have to be. But the Lord still kneels below us at his own table, saying “I am among you as one who serves.” This is the way of reconciliation.

28. “In humility consider others better than yourselves” (Phi 2:3).

Reconciliation works when we treat our brethren as if they are better.

This statement immediately follows one of Paul’s most earnest appeals. He says, “If you have any encouragement from being united with Christ, if any comfort from his love, if any fellowship with the Spirit, if any tenderness and compassion, then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and purpose” (vv 1,2). “In humility,” he continues, “consider others better than yourselves.” What claim can be made of esteem at the table of the Lord if we meet on the other side of a shameful schism? What is the same love, if it isn’t the love shown us in humility by the Son of God, who, though he was the King, esteemed ignorant, selfish, disputing disciples as being better? What others are there to esteem, if they are not those brethren we might not naturally esteem in the spirit of Christ? Reconciliation follows esteem.

29. “An unhealthy interest in controversies and quarrels about words that result in envy, strife, malicious talk, evil suspicions” (1Ti 6:4).

Reconciliation calls for a certain treatment of overstressed controversy and dispute.

We know that Paul argued daily in the synagogue. He was forced to debate with heretics. So it is in the understanding of the need to contend (that is to struggle, not strive) for the Faith that he pleads with brethren not to debate one another. He commands brethren to suppress intellectual contention, because in the extreme it incites heresy. He says, in effect, that when strife manifests itself in debates about trifles or quarreling about words, that this does not agree with the sound words of the Lord Jesus Christ and the teaching which accords with godliness. He says further that such behavior even defrauds “the truth”, though it may pretend to defend it. If “party spirit” is a work of the flesh, then, like the wrath of man, it cannot work the righteousness of God. When to contend and when to “do… service” is dependent upon whether they are “brethren… faithful and beloved, partakers of the benefit”. We are commanded to avoid controversy with brethren, and to “teach and exhort” one another to service. According to Paul, to teach otherwise is proud and ignorant (v 4) It defies the spirit of reconciliation.

30. “Love the brotherhood” (1Pe 2:17).

If we love the brotherhood, we will reconcile for the sake of its strength.

It is so simple. Love the brotherhood. What is love of the brotherhood, but love of the one Body? The brotherhood is the whole body of Christ. We don’t know it on any other basis than its composition from faith. There is only One Faith. That Faith is the assurance of the Kingdom, and the conviction that God’s own Son is the living savior of this world. Those who believe in the gospel, its promises, its diligent seeking, its accountability, and its reward, are brethren. They compose the brotherhood. All are beloved of the Lord. They love his word. They believe the Truth. Love the brethren who love the Truth. Love the brotherhood in reconciliation.

31. “And the Bride has made herself ready” (Rev 19:7).

No man knows the day nor the hour. Nor does the Bride. We don’t even know the specific conditions that will initiate the final departure from heaven, the blast of the trumpets, the expanse of light, the feet on the mountain. All we know is that they will precede the marriage of the Lamb to His Bride. That great union of Heaven and earth will herald the entrance of Christ into a world damaged by disunity in nations, disunity in families, and general disunity with God. But in all the disparate admixture of weak and strong influences, there will be one Body of people who had the might of faith to go the other way — to build up instead of break down. They were those who had heard the impassioned appeal of the Lord to be one, and made it their gift at the altar. They were those who never let the flesh separate them from their service and their love of one another. They were the faithful. They were the Bride who, clothed in fine linen, found a way to make righteousness out of relationships. How was it that the Bride had made herself ready? What did she do? Did she fulfill the prayer of the Lord to be one, reconciling herself in unity, perfecting her beauty in purity of faith and in one spirit? Was it the deliberate creation of “one spirit” that made her ready for marriage?

(Mark Giordano)

Redemption

“[Christ] gave himself for us…” (Tit 2:14): Jesus laid down his life, deliberately, willingly (Joh 10:11,15,18; 1Pe 2:23), on our behalf. The preposition “for” is “huper”, as also in 1Ti 2:6 (“a ransom on behalf of all men”), which can bear this meaning; Jesus may be seen as a representative — dying ON BEHALF OF men — and not as a substitute — dying INSTEAD OF men.

In a most poignant personal expression Paul testifies to the moral force of the life and sacrifice of Christ when he writes that the Son of God “loved me and gave himself for me” (Gal 2:20). Nothing else can have the spiritual impact of this truth totally believed. Christ did not just die for ‘us’ as an anonymous group. The real, awe-inspiring wonder is that he died for us as a group of individuals, each of whom he loved personally. He died for each one of us. Had there been only one sinner, Christ would still have been willing to die. When each of us stands before the judgment seat he will be looking into the eyes of a man who surrendered his life, personally and individually, on behalf of him or her.

“…to redeem us from all wickedness” (Tit 2:14). The original word for “redeem” here is “lutron”, which means to release for a price, or — put plainly — to buy. It is one of the several words (or word groups) translated “redeem”, “redemption”, and “ransom” set out in the following table:

(1) LUTRON: the price paid for letting loose, or setting free:

  1. Mat 20:28: “The Son of Man [came] to give his life as a ransom for many.”
  2. Mar 10:45: Same as above.

(2) LUTROO: The verb form: to pay the price:

  1. Luk 24:21: “We had hoped that he was the one who was going to redeem Israel.”
  2. Tit 2:14: “[Christ] gave himself for us to redeem us from all wickedness.”
  3. 1Pe 1:18,19: “It was not with perishable things such as silver or gold that you were redeemed from the empty way of life handed down to you from your forefathers, but with the precious blood of Christ, a lamb without blemish or defect.” This plain allusion to the Passover Lamb reminds us that the “redemption” concept has its roots in the deliverance of the Israelites out of Egyptian slavery.

(3) LUTROSIS: The act of setting or being set free:

  1. Luk 1:68: “The Lord, the God of Israel… has come and has redeemed his people.”
  2. Luk 2:38: “All who were looking forward to the redemption of Jerusalem.”
  3. Heb 9:12: “[Christ] obtained eternal redemption” (the words “for us” are italicized in the KJV, and omitted altogether in various versions, including RV, RSV, and NIV; Jesus obtained redemption for himself AND for others).

(4) ANTILUTRON: The same as #1, with the added preposition “anti” (instead of):

  1. 1Ti 2:6: “[Christ] gave himself as a ransom for all men.” (“All”, of course, meaning not every person ultimately and absolutely — but “all” prospectively, by invitation and possibility. Or perhaps, some individuals out of “all” peoples and “all” nations, but not every single individual.)

(5) APOLUTROSIS: The same as #3, with the added preposition “apo” (away from):

  1. Luk 21:28: “Stand up and lift up your heads, because your redemption is drawing near.”
  2. Rom 3:24: “The redemption that came by Jesus Christ.”
  3. Rom 8:23: “Our adoption as sons, the redemption of our bodies.”
  4. 1Co 1:30: “Christ Jesus, who has become for us wisdom from God — that is, our righteousness, holiness and redemption.”
  5. Eph 1:7: “In [Christ] we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins.”
  6. Eph 1:14: “The redemption of those who are God’s possession.”
  7. Eph 4:30: “The day of redemption.”
  8. Col 1:14: Similar to Eph 1:7 above.
  9. Heb 9:15: “Christ… has died as a ransom to set them free from the sins committed under the first covenant.”

(6) AGORAZO: To be in the “agora”, the marketplace or forum; hence, to buy or sell there:

  1. 1Co 6:20: “You were bought at a price.”
  2. 1Co 7:23: Same as above.
  3. Rev 5:9: “You were slain, and with your blood you purchased men for God from every tribe and language and people and nation.”
  4. Rev 14:3,4: “The 144,000 who had been redeemed from the earth.”

(7) EXAGORAZO: The same as #6, with the added preposition “ek” (out of):

  1. Gal 3:13: “Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us.”
  2. Gal 4:5: Christ has redeemed “those under the law.”
  3. Eph 5:16: “Making the most of every opportunity” (NIV) is literally “redeeming the time.”
  4. Col 4:5: Same as above.

The first five words above are derived from the same Greek root — “luo” (to loose, or set free), while the last two are included to round out this brief study. In a commercial transaction, as these words all presuppose, there are four parts or parties: the buyer, the seller, the price paid, and the item purchased. Having all the relevant Scriptures before us at one time, it is easy to identify the four parties or parts of the “transaction” of salvation:

  1. The buyer: Christ (Mat 20:28; Mar 10:45; Tit 2:14; Heb 9:12; 1Ti 2:6; Gal 3:13; 4:5) AND God Himself (Luk 1:68; 1Co 1:30; Rev 5:9).
  2. The seller: “All wickedness” or “all iniquity” (Tit 2:14). “The sins” or “transgressions” under the first covenant (Heb 9:15). “The earth” and men (Rev 14:3,4). “The curse of the law” (Gal 3:13). And the Law itself (Gal 4:5).
  3. The price paid: Christ (1Co 1:30) himself (1Ti 2:6; Tit 2:14); his life (Mat 20:28; Mar 10:45); his blood (1Pe 1:18,19; Eph 1:7; Col 1:14; Rev 5:9); his death (Heb 9:15). [And from 1Pe 1:18,19 we learn that gold and silver — ie, even the most precious commodities, and in whatever abundance — would not be a sufficient “price”: cp Psa 49:7-9.]
  4. The item purchased: “All men” (1Ti 2:6), but at the same time only “many” (Mat 20:28; Mar 10:45). Israel (Luk 24:21), “His people” (Luk 1:68), “us, the ecclesia, our body” (Tit 2:14; 1Pe 1:18; Rom 8:23; 1Co 6:20; 7:23; Rev 5:9; 14:3,4; Gal 3:13; 4:5); “God’s possession” (Eph 1:14; cp Tit 2:14: “a peculiar people” or “a people that are His very own”); and even… Christ himself (Heb 9:12; cp Heb 9:7; 13:20)! Finally, and significantly, the purchase itself is equated with forgiveness of sins (Eph 1:7; Col 1:14).

From the above list and summary, several conclusions emerge:

  • God and Christ were acting in concert in the great “transaction” of human redemption — for the “buyer” may be either God or His Son! In the New Testament both are referred to as “Saviour”. “God was reconciling the world to himself in Christ” (2Co 5:19). There was no difference between the motives of the One and the motives of the other; they were together. The old man Abraham and his son Isaac, who “went together” to the altar on Moriah (Gen 22:6,8), are the express pattern of the Heavenly Father and His Son who, together, go to the cross! (Notice how Paul in Rom 8:31,32 quotes Gen 22:12; and how, incidentally, Abraham — a man — actually typifies the Almighty!)
  • The “all” who are redeemed are in fact not “all” in the absolute sense. The element of freewill, or choice, or faith, must be taken into account: a man must want to be redeemed before God and Christ will redeem him!
  • Whereas popular or “orthodox” theology would say, unequivocally, that men are redeemed by Christ from the “devil”, the passages above tell us that — Biblically speaking — man is redeemed from… iniquity, wickedness, transgressions, the earth, and all men and nations. The interesting point here is that these things are — in point of fact — the perfect Biblical definition, broadly and generally, of the “devil”!
  • Man was also redeemed from the Law of Moses, and from the “curse” of that Law — not because the Law itself was evil (it was certainly not: Rom 7:12-14), but because the Law brought into focus and highlighted man’s sin.
  • In this context, the “blood”, the “life”, and the “death” of Christ are in some sense synonymous terms; each is the “price” paid to “buy” us from sin and the world. The combination and repetition of these terms in this study suggest that no single term should stand alone — but each ought to be modified, and defined, by the others: ie, (1) Christ’s blood was not meaningful as blood alone: there was nothing magical or potent in his blood above that of any other man’s; however, his blood was required — and not that of any animal, or any other man for that matter — because of the sinless life that he lived; (2) Even Christ’s perfect life, the absolute giving of himself to the Father’s will day by day, would not have been a sufficient “redemption” price: the wisdom and purpose of God required that His Son die — willingly and obediently — in the prescribed manner; and (3) Similarly, had Christ died a different kind of death, it would not have been acceptable as a sacrifice for sins.
  • Thus the death required was a sacrificial death, requiring bloodshed, on the pattern of the Passover Lamb (1Pe 1:18,19).
  • And finally, and most remarkably, an overview of the four “parts” of the “transaction” demonstrates that… Christ gave himself for himself: he was at the same time three of the four “parties”: he was the buyer, the price paid, and that which was purchased! In this he was the first and preeminent example of his own words:

“If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for me will find it. What good will it be for a man if he gains the whole world, yet forfeits his soul [or life, the same word]? Or what can a man give in exchange for his soul [or life]?” (Mat 16:24-26).

He redeemed, or bought, himself from the power of sin and the world because he gave himself up, utterly and wholeheartedly, to do the will of his Father. He lost his life to save his life, and — not incidentally — to save the lives of all who in faith follow his example. This last conclusion leads to other interesting ideas. When a ransom, or price, is paid for the purchase or release of something, no one expects the return of the purchase price as well as the transfer of the item purchased. If I go to the store for a loaf of bread, I pay my dollar to the cashier and take my bread home — I don’t expect to return home with the dollar AND the bread! But this is precisely what happened in the “transaction” of redemption: Christ gave himself as the purchase price, and was at the same time freed by that ransom! The figure of ransom, or redemption, is beautiful and beautifully appropriate in its proper place. But what we might call Western (and, in this case, illogical) logic can make — in fact, HAS MADE — too much of this figure of speech:

  • The doctrine that Christ died as a substitute for all men, regardless of the actions and/or beliefs of those men; and that his merit is an adequate substitute for their wickedness; or that absolutely nothing else may be required of men but somehow touching the magical blood of the “Saviour”… these erroneous ideas are derived from a too literal, and too absolute, reliance upon the “redemption” parable of the atonement. In short, a good thing is carried to an unwarranted extreme, and it becomes illogical.
  • The degree to which this “substitution” theory is inadequate in and of itself may be shown by the doctrine — of Jehovah’s Witnesses, for example — that the literal body of Christ must needs be preserved and retained by God in heaven (think of the Kremlin’s grotesque preservation and display of the corpse of Lenin!) — separate and apart from Jesus himself — as the ongoing purchase price of mankind!
  • Carried to the extreme, the “substitution” theory of redemption invalidates the obvious Scriptural teaching about forgiveness of sins. If the full price of our redemption has already been paid, absolutely, by Christ in his life and death and resurrection, then we ought to be able to demand salvation as our right; after all, it was “paid for” already! And there would be no place for forgiveness; why should one’s debt be forgiven when it has already been paid? And why should we ever pray, “Forgive us our sins”?

The “redemption” parable is just that, a parable — useful to convey certain important lessons and principles… but a “sandy soil” on which to build a logical or legal basis for defining our salvation.

Despite all the above analysis of “redemption” in the New Testament, the simple truth of the transaction is contained in the key passages that equate redemption with the forgiveness of sins (Eph 1:7; Col 1:14). What has been forgiven cannot also be paid for. The sacrifice of Christ, the culmination of a life of perfect obedience and dedication, was the price paid for our salvation. That is to say, it was necessary that Christ give himself as a suitable basis for the declaring of God’s righteousness in offering mercy to sinners. But God’s offer requires a corresponding “payment” on the part of those who would accept it. Since they are to be redeemed out of death they must repudiate that which brought death, which is the world and sin (Rom 6:1-7, for example). They must live sober and godly lives, repudiating all iniquity, as a special people belonging exclusively to God (Tit 2:14).

All this is comprehended in the “marketplace” or “agora” metaphor of Paul: “But thanks be to God that, though you used to be slaves to sin, you wholeheartedly obeyed the form of teaching to which you were entrusted. You have been set free from sin and have become slaves to righteousness” (Rom 6:17,18). Here “sin” is personified: “Sin” becomes the great ruler to whom all the world gives allegiance — a slave-owner who owns all men. “I am unspiritual, sold as a slave to sin” (Rom 7:14). In this metaphor Paul is recalling the words of Jesus: “Everyone who sins is a slave to sin” (Joh 8:34).

The figure of speech may be heightened as we imagine an eastern “agora” or bazaar — this marketplace was the meeting place of the ancient world; it was the center of commerce, entertainment, and social intercourse; it was the source of news and opinions. And always there was the slave-market, with its auction block. Approach that site in our minds, and the brutality, the callousness, and the fear wash over us. We imagine the smells and the sounds with revulsion — and our memories are stirred in like manner as when we see the old newsreels of Auschwitz… for our modern times have also seen their own particularly ugly forms of slavery.

Here, at the auction block, we see women destined to be slaves to the basest passions of men. And men, doomed to lifelong drudgery to satisfy the greed of their fellow men. Here are wasted, broken lives, dashed hopes, families soon to be torn apart forever.

The figure of speech may be heightened as we imagine an eastern “agora” or bazaar — this marketplace was the meeting place of the ancient world; it was the center of commerce, entertainment, and social intercourse; it was the source of news and opinions. And always there was the slave-market, with its auction block. Approach that site in our minds, and the brutality, the callousness, and the fear wash over us. We imagine the smells and the sounds with revulsion — and our memories are stirred in like manner as when we see the old newsreels of Auschwitz… for our modern times have also seen their own particularly ugly forms of slavery.

Here, at the auction block, we see women destined to be slaves to the basest passions of men. And men, doomed to lifelong drudgery to satisfy the greed of their fellow men. Here are wasted, broken lives, dashed hopes, families soon to be torn apart forever.

The slave-market: parable of our world; fleshly, carnal, unspiritual — and sold as slaves to sin. Everyone who sins is a slave to sin. I sin; therefore I am a slave!

Into this scene comes a man who is obviously apart from others. Striding up to me, he speaks forcefully: “I have bought you; come, follow me.” There are no chains, no threats, no blows — just a simple command. And I follow him.

Right behind him, I walk through the milling and clamorous crowds, and then through the winding streets of the city, until we come to a beautiful house. “Here is where I live,” my new master tells me. “And here is your room.” It is lovely and wonderfully furnished. Never have I seen such a luxurious dwelling, and this will be my home!

The master excuses himself, but soon he is back. He has brought water, and he kneels to wash MY feet! I should be washing his feet! And he has brought me a new expensive garment. I can throw away my slave’s rags; I won’t need them any more. With healing oil he soothes the cruel wounds inflicted by my previous owner; and I know that they will never hurt again.

“Now you are as I am,” he says; “you are no longer a slave. This is my Father’s house, and you are one of His sons!”

A lifetime of fear and hate is washed away, miraculously, and in its place is the cry of a heart set free: “Because you are sons, God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, the Spirit who calls out, ‘Abba, Father.’ So you are no longer a slave, but a son; and since you are a son, God has made you also an heir” (Gal 4:6,7).

Redemption from the slave-market was a concept that would particularly appeal to Paul’s converts, so many of whom were themselves slaves (Tit 2:9,10). They might not be able to hope for redemption from their mortal bondage, but they could rejoice in being redeemed from sin: “He who was a slave when he was called by the Lord is the Lord’s freedman” (1Co 7:22). And they could live accordingly. In their hearts and minds they were already free from the worst slave-master. And soon their bodies would follow, and they would be truly and absolutely free!

So, whereas it is the “price” concept of redemption that we tend to think of and analyze, perhaps we would do well to concentrate on this, the “property” concept of redemption. This, it would appear, is what God would have us ponder: not so much the “How does it work?” question as the “What does it do?” question. Not so much the mechanical process by which we were “redeemed” (which, as we have seen, may lead to confusion if pressed to the extreme) — but instead what “redemption” means, morally and spiritually; what it means to us, every day, to belong to God:

“You were bought at a price. Therefore honor God with your body” (1Co 6:20).

“You were bought at a price; do not become slaves of men” (1Co 7:23).

“[Christ] gave himself for us to redeem us from all wickedness and to purify for himself a people that are his very own, eager to do what is good” (Tit 2:14).

The word translated “his very own” (“peculiar people”: KJV) is the Greek “periousios”, which literally means “something beyond”. Paul is quoting from the Old Testament — referring to the first great story of “redemption” — God’s buying of the Israelite slaves out of Egypt: “Now if you obey me fully and keep my covenant, then out of all nations you will be MY TREASURED POSSESSION (Heb ‘segullah’) . Although the whole earth is mine, you will be for me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation” (Exo 19:5,6). “Segullah”, we are told, referred to the private treasure of kings; in societies where kings were more or less absolute dictators, everything in their realm was considered to be legally their property — but even a king could not control and spend and enjoy all properties in his kingdom, and so he would possess certain properties, properties which were set apart as his own “special treasure”, his “peculiar” or unique property, and no one else’s.

In the figure here, God Almighty is the great king, and all the universe belongs to Him, and all men, and all they have — it is all His. The cattle on a thousand hills belong to Him! But… the Heavenly Father has condescended to choose a special few of all His subjects to be His own family, His own special possession, His own cherished riches. They stay close to His person; they recline in His bosom; they hear His whispers of endearment; they feel the tender touch of His special love. They are dearer to Him than the stars in the heavens, or the glorious snow-topped mountains. They are dearer to Him than the treasures of the richest mines, or the harvests of the richest fields. They are the ones He has bought for Himself with the precious blood of His Son.

“Then those who feared the LORD talked with each other, and the LORD listened and heard. A scroll of remembrance was written in his presence concerning those who feared the LORD and honored his name. ‘They will be mine,’ says the LORD Almighty, ‘in the day when I make up my treasured possession. I will spare them, just as in compassion a man spares his son who serves him’ ” (Mal 3:16,17).

Redemption, pictures of

Christ’s sacrifice is the central feature of man’s salvation, and indeed of the whole Bible. It is reasonable, then, since God’s revelation of Himself in the Bible is so beautifully rich and varied, that Christ’s sacrifice — and its effects upon us — can be described under many figures of speech.

The Cherubim had four faces, because no one face can convey the diversity of the glory of God. Because no one gospel account can completely communicate the breadth and depth and impact of Christ’s ministry, the story of his life and work has been given to us in four separate accounts. So it stands to reason that we need more than one definition or one picture to explain redemption — what God did for us through Christ.

The Scriptures, in fact, present more than a dozen major “pictures of redemption”, and many more minor “pictures”. Each separate “picture” has subtleties and shadings, and points of contact with other “pictures”. It is good and useful for us to appreciate the truth conveyed by each individual “picture”, without at the same time allowing figurative language to confuse us as to principles. (The same is true of the Mosaic rituals and sacrifices. Sometimes, “proving” first principles from details of the Law can lead to confusion!) Like the parables, the “pictures of redemption” may mislead and distract the Bible student if he reasons too closely from the details and loses sight of the “big picture”. By getting tied too firmly to any one of these figures, one may develop false or limited concepts of the sacrifice of Christ. We can guard against this by looking carefully at a number of the “pictures of redemption”, and by determining (in conformity with some basic “Principles”) what lessons we should learn from each. At the same time, we can marvel at the beauty and diversity of God’s revelation of Himself.

The Basic Principles of the Sacrifice of Christ

Before we get into the “pictures” or “figures” of the sacrifice of Christ, we should outline the basic straightforward principles involved. These will constitute the Biblical foundation on which everything else in this study is built (the lists of proof passages are by no means complete):

1. Our need and helplessness: Jer 17:9; Mar 7:21-23; Rom 5:12; 7:18; Jam 1:13-15.

As Paul tells us in his epistle to the Romans, we cannot know the “good news” (Rom 1:16,17; 3:21 onwards) without first of all understanding the “bad news” (Rom 1:18-3:20). Principle #1 here stresses the “bad news” – ie, humans are all “sinners”, or at least will be (if they live long enough); the “devil” (Biblically understood) is inside all of us; and we need to be saved from ourselves!

2. Jesus Christ was a man: Rom 8:3; Gal 4:4; Heb 2:14; 1Jo 4:2; 2Jo 1:7.

We are all, in Scriptural terminology, “lepers” — totally unclean and trapped in bodies of death (Principle #1). God has sent us a Savior who is one of us! Jesus touched the “lepers”, literally, in the working of his miracles, and he touches us (ie, partakes of our nature) so as to work the greatest of all miracles — our salvation! That is what being a man meant… and means.

3. Jesus Christ is also the Son of God: Psa 80:17; Luk 1:35; 2Co 5:19-21; 1Jo 4:15.

Jesus was made a man so that he could identify with us, and we could identify with him. He was made a man so that he himself would be in need of salvation. And he was, at the same time, made the Son of God so that he could — by the grace of God — achieve that salvation.

4. Jesus Christ was tempted: Mat 4:1-11; Phi 2:5-8; Heb 4:15; 5:8.

5. But he was perfectly obedient: Joh 8:46; Rom 5:19; Heb 4:15; 7:26; 1Pe 2:22.

Jesus was tempted because he was a man. He was perfectly obedient, in part, because he was the Son of God. We say “in part” because his own faith (as well as his divine parentage) was indispensable to the achievement of a perfectly righteous life and a perfect final sacrifice. Jesus was truly a man, but a man plainly fitted by God for the task of atonement, as no other man has been or could be.

6. Thus he was our perfect representative: Mat 16:24; Joh 1:29; Rom 3:25; 1Jo 3:16.

In his humanity, Jesus identifies with us, and — in recognizing that humanity — we are invited to identify with him.

7. Christ’s death was necessary for his own salvation: Phi 2:8,9; Heb 7:27; 9:7,12; 13:20.

In his own life, and by his death and resurrection, Christ won a very real victory over sin and the “devil”.

8. Through Christ we may obtain forgiveness of sins: Act 4:12; 10:43; Rom 3:25; 4:25; Heb 9:22.

9. Through Christ we become children of God: Rom 8:15-17,29-32; Gal 3:27-29; 4:5; Eph 1:5; 2:11-15.

There is a change of status at baptism. God is making a covenant with us; we now belong to His family, and no longer (in any spiritual sense) do we belong to the family of our natural father Adam.

10. The death of Christ expresses God’s love: Joh 3:16; Rom 8:31,32; 2Co 5:19.

The Father of Christ was and is intimately involved in the process by which salvation is offered to, and ultimately conferred upon, those who are “in Christ”. Nothing the Father does is done grudgingly; He lovingly desires, and He works wholeheartedly toward, our redemption and our inclusion into His spiritual “family”.

What is stated here has been deliberately simplified as much as possible (but, one hopes, not too much!) so as to convey basic principles without confusing or ambiguous language. Don’t we all agree on these matters? Should these points be the focal point of controversy? Yet sometimes they are, and generally (this observer thinks, anyway) that is because we have attempted to “dig” more deeply into very profound matters. I am not saying it is wrong to seek out the “deeper things” of the Spirit of God; of course it is not! But sometimes, in pursuit of this objective, we set one idea against another, and concentrate on differences (or perceived differences) between brothers or groups of brothers. It is then especially that we may come to put too much emphasis on one or more of the “basic principles”, and consequently less emphasis on others of those same “principles”. In examining every aspect of one “tree” in the forest, as it were, we may lose sight of another “tree” which is equally important — or we may even lose sight of the “forest” as a whole!

Truth Versus Error

The positive principles of Christ’s sacrifice may be summarized and contrasted with some of the popular misconceptions of other “churches”, as follows:

CHRIST DID… die as our representative. CHRIST DID NOT… die instead of us, as a substitute.

The substitution (or redemption/ransom) picture — while useful — is incomplete and imperfect, because:

  1. we still die (Basic Principle #1 above);
  2. Jesus, as a man, had to die anyway (BP #2); and
  3. Jesus — having “paid” for a total victory over sin and death — did not remain dead, as he should have, if his life were understood as full payment for our lives!

CHRIST DID… provide a way for our sins to be forgiven. CHRIST DID NOT… pay our “debt”.

If a debt is paid, it cannot also be forgiven (but of course it is: see BP #8 above)!

CHRIST DID… obtain salvation for himself: CHRIST DID NOT… have a “free life”.

Christ was mortal anyway (BP #2), and therefore his “life” was mortgaged or encumbered; in other words, death was “owed” against that life. His body — being mortal — already belonged to “death”. And since his life was not a “free” or “unmortgaged” life, it could not be used to satisfy anyone else’s “debt”. One cannot pay off a debt with his creditor’s money (BP #7)!

CHRIST DID… show the love of God. CHRIST DID NOT… appease the wrath of God.

This is the worst of pagan, non-Christian religion: an angry, vengeful “god” appeased by the death of an innocent victim. This may be the way the Gentiles perceived their “gods” as acting, but the One God of the Bible — the God of love — is not like this at all (BP #10).

CHRIST DID… live and die as our example. CHRIST DID NOT… “do it all!”

We must follow his example (Mat 16:24). If Christ really “did it all” for us, then we should be able to live in whatever fashion we please. But of course we cannot: Christ is our representative and thus our example (BP #6), showing us how to live. And having become the children of God (BP #9), we must see that with our new status come new responsibilities (Rom 6).

The Words of Salvation

In writing of salvation in Christ, the apostle Paul especially uses various words. These are words which, through a superficial familiarity, we may come to use interchangeably, not appreciating the shades and nuances of meaning, nor the principles involved. Some examples:

In God’s sight, man is… Then the work of salvation is…
1. An accused person; a guilty person… Justification (declaring or considering another to be innocent or righteous). A verdict of “Not guilty!”
2. An estranged person; an enemy… Reconciliation (atonement, “peace” or “shalom” in an Old Testament sense) (see Rom 5:10; 2Co 5:18-20).
3. A debtor, who cannot pay his debts… Forgiveness, or mercy (see Mat 18:23-35).
4. A slave, serving the wrong “master”… Redemption (literally, “purchase”, as of a slave out of a slave market).
5. An orphan, with no hope and no inheritance (Eph 2:12)… Adoption or sonship (Rom 8:15).
6. Common, ordinary… Sanctification (literally, the process of being set apart, or made holy; to become a “saint”).
7. Unclean, impure… Purification.
8. In trouble or danger… Salvation.

The question might arise: ‘Why pictures in the first place?’ Why indeed? Our fundamental Bible teachings, of which the atonement is (or should be) paramount, are expressed in straightforward, reasonable, and logical terms. We usually endeavor to make those teachings as simple as possible, for the enlightenment and encouragement of young people and those others who need to learn what the Bible says.

But the fact ought to be faced: the Bible does not express what we call the “first principles” in the simplest and most logical language — at least not very often. Much more often, these basic teachings seem to be almost byproducts of what the Bible offers us… history, poetry, stories, allegories, parables, and moral exhortations. Sometimes we deduce these basic teachings from hints and allusions; we find them “between the lines”. In fact, which of us has not had the passing thought: ‘I do wish God had put in the Bible more plain statements… or maybe just one good inclusive list — and highlighted it by telling us, “My children, here’s what you need to know, and what you need to do; just concentrate on this!” ‘

But, of course, what we have instead is a book, or really a compilation of many books, written by many different men (and women?) scattered over a millennium and a half, and comprised of many different kinds of literature. True, as we are apt to point out to others, they all tell the same story, and have the same fundamental message — that’s beyond dispute. But one has to read, and study, and meditate upon each portion… before this fact comes into focus.

Well, part of the answer to ‘Why pictures in the first place?’ is this: because the people to whom the Bible was first given, in its separate parts and then as an entirety, were almost all Jews, along with a few other Middle Eastern folks. And these original recipients of the Bible and its message had different thought processes and patterns than we modern Westerners do. Notice: I am not saying ‘better’ thought patterns; nor am I saying ‘worse’ thought patterns. I am simply saying “different”.

This might be summarized as follows:

East and West contrasts in thought patterns…

EAST WEST
Biblical, Semitic, Jewish European, German, English, American
Feelings Thoughts
Attitudes Analysis
Allegories Technicalities
Symbols Details
Parables Facts
“What does it do?” “How does it work?”
Oriented to end, results Oriented to means, process

It’s fair to say that a good deal of what we call Bible exposition is really the attempt to put into Western, or modern, terms what the Bible has already said quite satisfactorily in figurative terms — terms much more easily discerned by the people of Bible times and Bible lands than by us today. Which is not to denigrate the effort at all: given our culture and our background, such exposition seems essential.

In one sense, exposition is really just “translation” carried to another level: the translation not of words or phrases only, but also of concepts and ideas and philosophy.

Some of the Bible’s “Pictures of Redemption”

The Scripture verses cited are examples; in most cases, there are many other illustrative passages. Some of these “pictures” are major themes running from one end of the Bible to the other; some are mentioned only once or twice, almost as an afterthought. All are interesting; all are instructive; all contribute to the full “picture”! (This list is far from exhaustive.)

  1. The redemption, or ransom, of slaves out of the “slave market” (1Co 6:20; 7:23; Gal 3:13; 4:5; Rev 5:9; 14:3,4).
  2. A shepherd caring for and protecting his flock (Psa 23; Isa 40:11; Eze 34:23; Luk 15:4; Joh 10:10-14; Heb 13:20; 1Pe 2:25).
  3. A washing, or cleansing — paradoxically, sometimes a washing with blood (Isa 1:18; Heb 9:22; 10:22; 1Jo 1:7; Rev 1:5; 7:14).
  4. A new “birth”, a new “creation”, a new beginning (Joh 3:3,7; 2Co 5:17; Gal 6:15; Eph 2:10; Tit 3:5; Jam 1:18; 1Pe 1:23).
  5. A potter working with clay to produce a vessel (Isa 45:9; 64:8; Jer 18:1-6; Rom 9:20-24; 2Ti 2:20,21).
  6. A sacrifice or victim to seal or guarantee a covenant (Mat 26:27,28; Heb 9:15-17; 13:20).
  7. The crushing or destruction of a “serpent” (Gen 3:15; Num 21; Joh 3:14; Rom 16:20).
  8. A bond of reconciliation; a union of those who were previously enemies; a joining together in “one body” (Rom 12:5; 1Co 12; Gal 3:27-29; Eph 2:13-15; 4:4; Col 1:22).
  9. The acquittal of an accused, and guilty, criminal (Isa 50:8,9; Rom 3:26; 8:31-34; Heb 7:25; 1Jo 2:1).
  10. The paying of a debt; the forgiving of an offence (Mat 6:12-15; Mar 11:25; Eph 4:32; Col 3:13).
  11. A meal, or feast, of fellowship and joy (Mat 26:26-28; Luk 14:8-14; 1Co 11:26-29).
  12. Adoption into a family; the love of a father or mother (Isa 66:13; Rom 8:23; 9:4; 1Th 2:7,11).
  13. A marriage; the love of a bride and a bridegroom (Psa 45; Song; Rev 19).
  14. A farmer and his crop; the harvest (Mat 9:37,38; Mat 13; 20:1; 21:33,34; Luk 10:2; 1Co 3:6-9; 2Ti 2:6).
  15. Circumcision; crucifixion: a “cutting off” or repudiation of the flesh (Jer 4:4; Rom 2:25-29; Gal 5:24; 6:14,15; Col 2:11).
  16. The running, and winning, of a race (1Co 9:24-26; Gal 2:2; Heb 12:1,2).
  17. Victory in a battle or war (Psa 60:12; Joh 16:33; Rom 8:37; 1Co 15:54-57; 1Jo 5:4,5).
  18. The building of a house, a temple, or a city (Eph 2:21,22; Heb 3:6; 1Pe 2:5-9; Rev 3:12).
  19. A fisherman drawing in his net (Mat 4:18,19; 13:47-49).
  20. A putting on of a new garment (1Co 15:53,54; Gal 3:27; Eph 4:24; Col 3:10-14).
  21. A moral mandate; a call to action, to repentance and change (Rom 6:3,4; 12:1,2; Gal 2:20).
  22. The lifting up, or bearing, of another’s burden (Isa 58:6; Mat 8:17; 11:29,30; Ro 15:1; Gal 6:2; 1Pe 2:24,25).
  23. Healing of blind, deaf, lame, etc: the resurrection of the dead (Isa 35; Joh 5:21-25; Gal 2:20; Eph 2:1-5; Col 2:13).
  24. A tree producing fruit (Mat 7:17-19; Mar 11:13,14; Luk 13:6-9; Gal 5:22,23).
  25. A spring of water (Isa 55:1; Joh 4:14; 7:37,38; Rev 21:6; 22:17).
  26. A rest from labor; the Sabbath day of rest (Isa 11:10; Heb 4:9; Rev 7:14-17).
  27. A “white stone” — ie, a favorable vote, or approval (Rev 2:17).
  28. Wages received for work done (Mat 20:1-8).
  29. A hiding place; a refuge; a “rock”; a shelter (Psa 9:9; 18:2; 91:2; 144:2; Pro 18:10; Isa 32:2; Jer 16:19).

“Rejoice in tribulations”

“We glory in tribulations,” writes the apostle Paul (Rom 5:3). The word “glory” is the same in the Greek as the word translated “rejoice” in v 2 and “joy” in v 11. Paul can rejoice in tribulations, or “sufferings” (RSV), because those sufferings are part of a process leading to the glory of God (vv 2,11).

This same principle is taught by James:

“My brethren, count it all joy when ye fall into divers temptations (‘various trials’: RSV)… Blessed is the man that endureth temptation (‘trial’: RSV): for when he is tried, he shall receive the crown of life” (1:2,12).

And also by Peter:

“Now for a season… ye are in heaviness through manifold temptations (again, ‘various trials’: RSV): that the trial of your faith, being much more precious than of gold that perisheth, though it be tried with fire, might be found unto praise and honour and glory at the appearing of Jesus Christ” (1Pe 1:6,7).

All of the above is based upon the words of Christ:

“Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness’ sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven… Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven” (Mat 5:10,12).

What does the phrase “for righteousness’ sake” mean? Whose righteousness, Christ’s or ours? Certainly the former, in view of v 11, where the corresponding phrase is, “for my sake”. This reminds us of the reaction of the apostles to their beating at the instigation of the Sanhedrin: they rejoiced “that they were counted worthy to suffer shame for his name” (Acts 5:40,41).

We must accept our tribulations not just because they are the common lot of all mankind, but rather in order to fill up, or complete, what is lacking in the sufferings of Christ (Col 1:24). We suffer because he suffered, and because we are members along with “the Head” of the same “body”! Without our trials, therefore, Christ’s work would be incomplete and, strange as it may sound, imperfect. This is all part of Christ’s being a representative, and not merely a substitutionary, sacrifice. His trials are a standing invitation to us to view our lives as complements of his, and in so doing to have fellowship with his sufferings (Phi 3:8-11).

Paul writes to the Corinthian brethren that sufferings go hand in hand with consolation (or comfort: RSV) (2Co 1:3-7). Only those who have themselves suffered can effectively offer true and acceptable “consolation” to others who suffer — this is why Job’s friends failed: Job’s intense sufferings, and the anguished questions they produced, were completely foreign to their own experiences.

Paul also writes, in the same place, that we must suffer in order to learn the lesson that we should not trust in ourselves, but in God Who raises the dead (vv 8,9). Our weaknesses and failures, paradoxical as it may seem, draw us closer to a God Who is all-powerful and Who never fails.

If, then, we suffer because Christ suffered and we must follow his lead, we are still left with the question: Why did Christ suffer? The Scriptural answer, again supplied by Paul, is that he learned obedience and was made perfect through his sufferings (Heb 5:2,7-9). He was not born perfect, but he became perfect. “Perfect” In this instance means more than sinless; it means tried and faithful. A perfect character can be developed only through trials, or — in more modern terms — a decision-making process. This process, also called “chastening”, is not essentially a pleasant process; but it is, Biblically speaking, “joyful” when the end of the chastening — the perfection or completion of character — is considered (Heb 12:11).

Character is formed under storm clouds, not under sunny skies. Saints learn more from their “losses” than their “profits”. Health comes out of sickness. God’s strength is perfected in human weakness; and the flesh’s failures become the Spirit’s successes!

“For even Christ pleased not himself” (Rom 15:3). Then why should we “please” ourselves? And why should God always do those things that “please” us, on a superficial, temporal level?

The fellowship of Christ is not a peaceful walk through a beautiful garden, despite what some sentimental “orthodox” hymns would have us believe. It is instead a “fellowship of suffering”. Instead of relaxation, it is self-sacrifice. Associations may have to be surrendered (Mat 10:32-38). Ambitions may have to be set aside. Pleasures may have to be foregone.

The verses concerning persecution from the “Sermon on the Mount” (Mat 5:10-12), quoted earlier, come at the end of the “Beatitudes”. This is the final “blessing”; why? Because all the previous seven “blessings” lead up to it. Christ was all these other things — poor in spirit, meek, merciful, pure in heart, a peacemaker. It was because he was all these other things that he was finally persecuted, and hounded to his death! Me would naturally expect that the fine qualities of Mat 5:3-9 would lead all the world to admire him. But no — much the reverse! The world came at last to hate the man who by his actions and words testified against their sins, and they rose up to crucify him.

Could it be, then, that we do not suffer in the degree that Christ did because we do not really “show forth” Christ and his death to the world around us? Perhaps, if we did demonstrate our oneness with him in word and deed, society would not welcome us with open arms — but would instead accord us similar treatment.

Do we fail to experience real sufferings because, like the Laodicean ecclesia, we have become too “comfortable” in this world (Rev 3:17)? Part of Christ’s “sufferings” had to do with his attitude toward the world. He saw the world, rightly, as a barren wasteland where there was no water of life, and no hope. And so he “suffered”, not just physically but mentally, because he was forced to live among wicked men. Do we see our lives in this wicked world as a suffering? Or do we see, all around us, lots of pleasant worldly diversions and entertainment? If so, then we have succumbed, in large measure or altogether, to the cares of the world, the deceitfulness of riches, and the lusts of the flesh.

Severe persecutions and sufferings may come our way before the return of Christ. Certain prophecies seem to point in that direction. If they do come, they will be by the mercy of God, to prepare our characters for His Kingdom; we need to be aware of this possibility, so as not to be offended and fall away. Will we have the spiritual strength to survive those coming trials? We will not if, during these generally peaceful and prosperous times (at least In our western world), we have been enjoying ourselves and growing lazy and complacent. We will survive whatever trials come if we use these same peaceful time? to give ourselves to Bible study, prayer, and hard work in the Truth.

It may be seen, therefore, that we do in fact have severe trials today! The relatively “easy” lives which we take for granted may be our greatest trial! Unless we are careful in our modern environment, our inner strength — the kind that had sustained our spiritual forefathers through difficult times-will rot away. And when the first blows of real outward tribulation fall upon us, we will crumble!

“And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand: and the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house: and it fell: and great was the fall of it” (Mat 7:26,27).

Responsibility principles

Overall principles

  1. That ignorance excludes men from responsibility, but that they are responsible to divine judgment at the resurrection when they know the demand God makes upon them by Christ and the apostles, whether they submit to it or not: Psa 49:20; Act 17:30; Joh 3:19; 9:41; Jam 4:17; Mat 7:26; Rom 1:32; Mar 16:16; Luk 12:47; 1Ti 1:13; Joh 12:48; Deu 18:19.
  2. That the Scriptures recognize and teach that it is according to righteousness and justice that those who rebel against the light should be brought to punishment, even though they be “outside” or “without”: Rom 2:2,5; Heb 13:4; 1Co 5:13; Eph 2:3; 5:6; 2Co 5:11; Mat 12:32-36; Act 24:25; Mat 18:6-8; Joh 3:36; Rev 21:8.
  3. The responsible will be punished at the resurrectional judgment because they deserve it, not because of any technical compliance on their part: Heb 10:29; Rom 1:32; Luk 12:48; Heb 2:3; 12:23; 1Pe 4:18; Joh 5:30; Luk 10:12-15.
  4. The multitude who appear before the judgment seat of Christ will consist not only of the faithful and unfaithful members of his own immediate household, but of all who have refused to submit to the Law of God when reasonably attested: Mar 16:15,16; 2Co 2:15,16; Luk 19:27; Rom 1:18; 2:6,8,9,16; 2Th 1:10.

Quotations

“Those who come to an understanding of the gospel, but have rejected it… come forth from the grave again to encounter the burning indignation of Christ, who will judge the living and the dead at his appearing and his kingdom” (JT, “Revealed Mystery” 46).

“But illuminated sinners and ungodly Sardian saints are obnoxious to a perdition arrived at in different ways. These are they ‘who obey not the gospel of the Deity’ (1Pe 4:17), or disgrace it; and who come forth at the anastasis of judicial condemnation. These two classes are punished on the principle that ‘it is better not to have known the way of righteousness, than, after they have known it, to turn from the commandment delivered to them’ (2Pe 2:21)” (JT, “Anastasis”).

“But men are not only made, or constituted, sinners by the disobedience of Adam, but they become sinners, even as he, by actual transgression. Having obtained the maturity of their nature, they become accountable and responsible creatures. At this crisis, they may be placed by the divine arranging in relation to His Word, which becomes to them a tree of life (Pro 3:18), inviting them to ‘take and eat, and live forever’. If, however, they prefer to eat the world’s forbidden fruit, they come under the sentence of death in their own behalf. They are thus doubly condemned. They are ‘condemned already’ to dust as natural born sinners, and secondarily condemned to a resurrectional judgment, for rejecting the gospel of the kingdom of God, by which they become obnoxious to the ‘second death’ (Rev 20:14)” (JT, Elp 130,131).

“What is the second death? ‘Second’ implies a first… ‘It is appointed unto men once to die’ (Heb 9:27). A wicked man dies in the natural course of events; but, if amenable to judgment, he is raised again… to death a second time, but a death that is different from the first, inasmuch as it is directly inflicted by divine displeasure… ‘The day that cometh,’ said Malachi (Mal 4:1), ‘shall burn them up, and it shall leave them neither root nor branch.’ David’s declaration is that ‘the enemies of the Lord shall be as the fat of lambs; they shall consume; into smoke shall they consume away’ (Psa 37:20)” (RR, XdmAst, 164).

More detailed principle statements

  1. Light is invariably given as the ground and basis of responsibility to judgment. That is, all who know are accounted responsible: Joh 3:19; Jam 4:17; 2Pe 2:21; Joh 15:22; Mar 16:15,16; Rom 2:12-16; Amo 3:2; Gen 20:5,6; Acts 17:30.
  2. God has appointed a great day of giving account, a great Judgment Day, after life has ended. This is not to be minimized. If it were simply for deciding the results of probation, punishment for the baptized wicked would be unnecessary: Heb 9:27; 1Co 4:5; Act 17:31; Rom 2:12-16.
  3. Judgment in this life does not fulfill the Scripturally specialized requirements of the final, “giving account” judgment after death of Heb 9:27, etc: Rom 9:22; Psa 12:8; Job 12:6; Ecc 7:15; Psa 73; Ecc 12:14; Psa 37; Dan 4:17. Judgment in this life often falls upon one generation, although previous generations have been building up such offense: Gen 15:13-16; Mat 23:35,36; 2Ki 24:21.
  4. All must give account to God, except those specifically excluded by ignorance: Pro 21:16; Psa 49:20; Joh 5:28,29; 1Ti 1:13.
  5. The Scriptures never exclude the unbaptized from resurrectional judgment. Partially obedient and willfully disobedient are treated similarly.
  6. The expressions used by Scripture describing the rejected at the judgment seat never give any warrant for excluding any of the willfully or knowingly disobedient: Rom 2:5-16; Act 24:15; Joh 3:19,20; 5:28,29; Mar 16:16; Ecc 12:13,14; Job 21:30; Ecc 3:17; 2Th 1:7-10; 1Pe 4:3,17; Joh 12:46-48; Deu 18:18,19; Luk 12:9; Mar 8:38; Mat 12:32-36; Luk 19:27; Jud 1:15; Act 17:30,31; 2Co 5:10,11.
  7. Whenever we seek for a Bible definition of who shall come forth to a resurrectional condemnation, we find such terms as: the unjust, those who have done evil, the wicked, those who reject, deny, and refuse to listen, the disobedient, those who do not obey the truth, those who believe not when the gospel is preached, those who reject, etc.
  8. The Scriptures often speak with only the approved in mind: 1Th 4:16,17; 1Co 15; Mat 24:31.
  9. The Bible often speaks of resurrection in the sense of a process, including glorification: 1Co 15:42-44,51; Heb 11:35; Joh 5:29; Phi 3:8-11.
  10. “In Christ” is a moral — not a legal and mechanical — relationship: 1Co 15:22; Rom 8:9-11; 13:11-14; Eph 4:21-25; 1Co 4:17; Eph 1:1; Col 1:2; etc.
  11. The gospel call is a command, not merely an optional invitation: Act 17:30,31; Mar 16:15,16; Isa 8:6,7; Gen 1:16; Rom 1:5; 15:18; Act 10:48; 2Pe 2:21; 1Pe 1:22; 3:1; Rom 10:16.

See also Resurrectional responsibility

Resurrectional Responsibility

SF: “After his return, Jesus will raise many of the dead, the faithful and the unfaithful. He will also send forth his angels to gather them together with the living to the great judgment” (13). “The unfaithful will be punished with a second, eternal death. The faithful will be rewarded, by God’s grace, with everlasting life on the earth, receiving glorified and immortal bodies” (14).

BASF: “That at the appearing of Christ prior to the establishment of the Kingdom, the responsible (namely, those who know the revealed will of God, and have been called upon to submit to it), dead and living — obedient and disobedient — will be summoned before his judgment seat ‘to be judged according to their works’; and ‘receive in body according to what they have done, whether it be good or bad’ ” (XXIV).

“That the unfaithful will be consigned to shame and ‘the second death’, and the faithful, invested with immortality, and exalted to reign with Jesus as joint heirs of the kingdom, co-possessors of the earth, and joint administrators of God’s authority among men in everything” (XXV).

Like the original Birmingham Statement (before the Amendment of 1898), the ASF does not attempt to define the “responsible” — except to say, in Clause 14, that the “faithful” and “unfaithful” will appear at the Judgment Seat of Christ. This is equivalent to the BASF in XXV, which uses the identical words “faithful” and “unfaithful”. [For that matter, Clause XXIV of the BASF originally read: “the responsible (faithful and unfaithful), dead and living of both classes”. The parenthetical phrase was dropped out of the original Clause XXIV to make room for the parenthetical amendment.]

This ASF 14 is absolutely Biblical, being based upon a “first principles” passage (Act 24:15) which uses terms of identical meaning in defining those who are “responsible” to a resurrectional judgment:

“There shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust…” (KJV). “…the dead, both the righteous and the wicked…” (NIV). “…the dead, both the just and the unjust…” (RSV).

It is true that one early Christadelphian Statement of Faith (by John Thomas) seemed to limit the resurrectionally “responsible” to those of “the household” (see chapter 10). But surely the description “unjust” (or “unfaithful”) always allowed for the possibility that, besides all the unfaithful who are validly baptized or otherwise in covenant with God, some unbaptized (who are “unjust”/”unfaithful” too) will also be raised to condemnation. In Act 24:15, the word translated “unjust” is the Greek “adikos”; other uses of the same original word plainly include the unbaptized:

  • 1Co 6:1: “When one of you has a grievance against a brother, does he dare go to law before the unrighteous (adikos) instead of the saints?” — The “unrighteous” are directly contrasted with the “saints”.
  • 1Pe 3:18: “For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust (adikos), that he might bring us to God” — The “unjust” are those who are in the process of being brought to God, a perfect definition of the as-yet-unbaptized!
  • 2Pe 2:9: “The Lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temptations, and to reserve the unjust (adikos) unto the day of judgment to be punished” — The immediate context here equates the godly with Lot (v. 7), and the unjust with the men of Sodom and Gomorrah (v. 6), and plainly says that they — being “unjust” — will be punished on the day of judgment.

Again in the immediate context of Act 24:15, the Gentile ruler Felix, who heard these words of Paul about a “resurrection of the wicked”, grew fearful when — only a few days later — Paul spoke to him again of “the judgment to come” (Act 24:25). If a resurrection of the “wicked” or the “unjust” (Act 24:15) plainly held no threat at all for any unbaptized Gentile, why did Felix tremble when told of the judgment?

The analysis of “essential doctrines” demonstrates that Deu 19 and its context formed part of the teaching presented as a preliminary to baptism: “The LORD thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me; unto him ye shall hearken… I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him. And it shall come to pass, that whosoever will not hearken unto my words which he shall speak in my name, I will require it of him.”

It is true that these words were spoken by Moses to the children of Israel, and not to Gentiles, and that — likewise — they are quoted by Peter when addressing the children of Israel again (Act 3:22,23). But… the warning includes the serious, all-inclusive “whosoever”! It is the same inclusiveness used by Peter in Act 2:39: “For the promise is unto you, and to your children, and to all that are afar off, even as many as the Lord our God shall call.”

The promise of blessing, even when spoken to Jews, is also to “all that are afar off” (ie, Gentiles: Eph 2:13,17; 3:5-8; Isa 57:19). Surely — if those same “all” knowingly and willfully refuse the offer of such a promise — they cannot expect to avoid the effect of such refusal: “Whosoever will not hearken to my words… I will require it of him.”

The history of the “resurrectional responsibility” division indicates that the original Clause XXIV was at the time of its drafting understood to allow for the unbaptized responsible, who had refused to give heed to the words of Christ. But a prominent English brother (JJ Andrew of London) began to teach, in the 1890s, that those responsible to a resurrectional judgment could not possibly include any who were either uncircumcised (in the Mosaic dispensation) or unbaptized (in the Christian dispensation), because such were not cleansed from “Adamic condemnation” by the “blood of the covenant”, and thus could not be delivered, even briefly and by Divine decree, from the curse of an “eternal death”. The controversy from this new (or, if not so “new”, then “newly prominent”) teaching led the Birmingham Christadelphian Ecclesia to change its Statement of Faith in an attempt to rule out the teaching that Christ could not raise and judge any who were unbaptized.

However, the brief analysis above suggests that a careful reading of the original clause (even before the Amendment) — with its reference to the “unfaithful” — should have ruled out such teaching in the first place. Then there would have been no need for an amendment of doubtful meaning and application.

The amendment defines the responsible as “namely, those who know the revealed will of God, and have been called upon to submit to it”. (It does not say, as some suggest, that the “responsible” are all who know the Gospel; it might even be argued that it pointedly avoids saying such a thing.)

The amendment was, and is, doubtful as to its meaning, since who can truly know (a) if another has not only known enough of the will of God, but especially (b) if that same person has been called upon (by God? by man? and in what manner?) to submit to it. And thus, of course, it was, and is, doubtful as to its application in individual cases: Few if any Christadelphians ever try to apply the Scriptural warnings about resurrectional judgment to specific individuals — and that is as it should be.

More might be said about the ambiguities of the amendment. For example, what does “those who know” really mean? Some might say, ‘What a foolish question! The answer is obvious!’ But is it? There are two primary Greek words translated “to know”:

(a) oida = to know from observation, to know theoretically and, perhaps, rather imperfectly;

(b) ginosko = to know experimentally, by direct personal contact, and generally to know fully and intimately.

Understandably, there is not always a perfectly clear demarcation between these two Greek words — gray areas do exist. However, depending on which of the above definitions is given the word “know” in the Amendment, the statement can be made to mean very different things. In other words, in order to be responsible to resurrectional judgment, how much need one know? And how well need one know it? Who can say for sure?

Secondly, there is of course uncertainty about the phrase “called upon to submit to it”. The very reasonable questions have been asked: ‘How does God call men?’ ‘How can we ever know which — if any — among the unbaptized today have been truly called by God?’ In fact, to be “called” — Scripturally — goes far beyond “knowledge”:

“Those he called, he also justified” (Rom 8:30). “…Live lives worthy of God, who calls you into his kingdom and glory” (1Th 2:12). “…As members of one body you were called to peace” (Col 3:15; also see Rom 8:28; 9:23,24; Eph 4:1; Jud 1).

Such examples could be multiplied many times over. In fact, out of more than 100 passages, the concept of “calling” is almost invariably associated with those who have been or go on to be baptized.

What does all this mean? Among other things, it means that the Amendment was and is so worded that one might accept it while still not believing that all “enlightened rejecters” (whatever that means, exactly) will be raised and judged by Christ at his coming.

And, to stretch the point a bit further, it means that the amendment is so worded that one might accept it while having reservations about the resurrection to judgment of any “enlightened rejecters” in this modern age, when the Holy Spirit is not openly manifest. How? Because, in the absence of Holy Spirit guidance, none of us can determine how much an unbaptized person must “know” or, indeed, whether that “knowledge” must be theoretical or practical, impersonal or personal, objective or subjective. And, finally, because none of us can really determine how and when, or even if, any unbaptized person has been Scripturally “called” by God.

The following point needs to be made, and stressed: The original Birmingham Statement of Faith (used by many ecclesias even today, and generally referred to as the “Unamended Statement”) is not in opposition to the “Amended Statement”. How can this be said? Because the original Clause XXIV, along with Clause XXV, plainly teaches that the resurrectionally “responsible” includes the “unfaithful”, and because — as the passages above, such as 1Co 6:1 and 1Pe 3:18, indicate — there is no Biblical warrant for limiting the “unfaithful” to the baptized class only.

Are the unbaptized raised upon a different “basis” than the baptized? Such a question implies that, for fellowship purposes, we must know the means (the “why” and the “how”) as well as the end (the “who”). To ask such question is to move the discussion from a “first principles” matter to a non-essential matter. And so, to pursue such a question as though it were a “first principle” is to create an artificial barrier where none need exist. The course of wisdom? Agree on the essential doctrine, and then discuss further details only with other “experts” who need — or think they need — to know!

So, should there have been a division in the first place? While making allowances for our lack of firsthand knowledge of those times, one may be tempted to think that, had the Christadelphian body given due prominence and weight to the (unarguably) fundamental Bible teaching of the One Body, they might have found a way to prevent a serious and destructive division.

The more responsible (!) question now is: What can be done about such a division? And the simple answer is: The minority (i.e., the “Unamended” in North America) — if not truly believers in what may be called the JJ Andrew error — should ask themselves, in the spirit of the fundamental Bible teaching on the One Body: ‘Why have we resisted for so long a statement which essentially occurs in our own (“Unamended”) Statement of Faith anyway?’

And, going one step further, the majority (ie, the “Amended”) might ask themselves: ‘Why have we made our own special interpretation of a vague amendment [Remember, it does not say, “All who know will be raised”!] the test of fellowship for everyone else — thus raising a relatively minor matter to such an extraordinary level?’ And… ‘Have we used our Statement of Faith as a weapon to punish (or a wall to exclude) those who differ from us only slightly and on a secondary matter?’

Resurrectional responsibility proofs

Joh 12:48-50; Deu 18:19; 29:19,20; Rom 2:8,9; Act 24:25; 17:30,32; 1Pe 4:4,5; Luk 13:28; 19:27; 14:25,31-33; 12:48; 10:14; 2Pe 2:6-9; Joh 9:41; 8:21; 3:18,19; 15:22; Rev 21:8; Isa 66:24; Jud 1:14,15; 2Th 1:8,9; Mat 11:20-24; Heb 2:3; 10:28,29.