Godspeed (2Jo)

“If there come any unto you, and bring not this doctrine, receive him not into your house, neither bid him God speed: For he that biddeth him God speed is partaker of his evil deeds” (2Jo 1:10,11).

Without attempting a complete exposition of this letter, it should be noted that John was addressing an unnamed sister and mother in the Truth, one in whose home the ecclesia of that district met. In her kindness the “elect lady” (v 1) had offered her hospitality to certain traveling preachers who could scarcely, if at all, be called Christian.

What was the doctrine so heinous as to merit the title for its purveyors of “antichrist” (v 7)? It was the erroneous contention that Jesus did not “come in the flesh”, in other words, that he was in essence God and only seemed to suffer the frailties of humanity and the climactic death on the cross. The apostle rightly saw this as a significant perversion of the gospel, which effectively nullified all else of truth to be found in the itinerant speakers’ message. He therefore counseled the sister not to receive such men into her house nor, by implication, to receive them at the Breaking of Bread held there. They were to be shunned completely.

The question is this: Was such a prohibition intended to apply, as a general rule, to any and every irregularity of belief or practice, whenever and wherever manifested? The answer is, emphatically, “No”. The particular error in 2Jo is said to be that of “anti-Christ”, etymologically signifying that which replaces or stands as a contrast to the true Christ. The name seems to be reserved for those errors which deny the nature and character of Christ (1Jo 2:18,22; 4:1-3), thereby rendering unintelligible his redemptive work.

A passage from RR is often quoted to justify the disfellowship of everyone who might, mistakenly or otherwise, break bread with some individual who believes any error. RR says, among other things: “As to those who bring not this doctrine, John’s comment is — ‘Receive him not into your house, neither bid him God speed!’ This commandment we can no more evade than any other commandment delivered unto us.”

The citation is certainly forceful enough as it stands to support most any wide-scale excommunication of individuals and ecclesias alike. However, the effect is drastically mitigated when a portion of the immediately preceding paragraph is also quoted:

“The doctrine of Christ is that he is God made and manifested in mortal flesh of Abraham’s race for the deliverance thereof, on his own principles, from ‘that having the power of death’ ” (SC 98).

It was to such as “bring not this doctrine” (according to both JT and RR), and to such only, that the extremely harsh directive of the apostle should apply.

The sweeping use to which our brother’s words are often put is specifically denied by him in another passage. There he speaks of “fellowship” on far more practical, reasonable, and (we might say) spiritual grounds than some of his “followers” would care to admit:

“Fellowship is friendly association for the promotion of a common object — with more or less of the imperfection belonging to all mortal life. To say that every man in that fellowship is responsible for every infirmity of judgment that may exist in the association is an extreme to which no man of sound judgment can lend himself. There will be flawless fellowship in the perfect state. Perhaps it is the admiration of this in prospect that leads some to insist upon it now. But it is none the less a mistake. This is a mixed and preparatory state in which much has to be put up with when the true principles are professed” (“True Principles and Uncertain Details”, Xd 35:187).

In reviewing v 10, other points of interest emerge:

“If there come any unto you…” — These verses clearly refer to some serious error introduced into one’s local ecclesia. They give no sanction to the searching out of alleged error in other ecclesias, much less those which are great distances away, on the basis of some rumor.

“And bring not this doctrine” –These deceivers were active, positive false teachers, engaged in a campaign, not just “holders” of false doctrine or those who might be termed “weaker brethren” or “honest doubters”, who should be sought after and reclaimed.

“Neither bid him God speed” — “God speed” was an unfortunate choice by the translators of the AV, a choice which has colored much of subsequent Christadelphian analysis of this passage. RR equates “God speed” with “intimacy, toleration, and cooperation” (LM 285); this may be implicit in the text, but it is certainly not the primary meaning: The Greek word is chairo — which merely means “greeting” or “farewell”, and it is so used many times in the New Testament (Mat 26:49; 27:29; Luk 1:28; Joh 19:3; Act 15:23; 2Co 13:11; Jam 1:1). It may also mean “to rejoice” (Mat 2:10; Joh 3:29; 16:22; Rom 12:12; 2Co 6:10; Rev 19:7).

This presents us with a couple of alternative views of the passage:

(1) These false teachers’ doctrine was so extremely dangerous that they could not even be greeted courteously, nor be given the most elementary considerations due even to out-and-out worldlings, much more to “erring brethren”. Such a view, in conformity with our understanding of this special doctrine, thus removes this passage from serious consideration as a guideline to ecclesial duties toward most other, milder forms of error. Would any “minority fellowship” brethren seriously want to adopt such an attitude toward all other Christadelphians? The otherwise unanimous view of the apostolic passages regarding errorists is that they are to be gently entreated, and diplomatically led away from their follies. So we have here in 2Jo a unique case, and consequently one which gives no real precedent for lesser issues.

(2) The second possibility, much less likely, is this: If the word chairo here signifies “to rejoice”, then that which designates brethren “partakers of the evil deeds” of gross errorists is their rejoicing in that evil — that is, wholeheartedly approving of and positively participating in the propagation of error. This is not to suggest that something less, say a passive toleration, is proper — it may be wrong too, depending on circumstances — but only that it is not the “partaking” or “fellowshiping” of the error which some interpreters would have it to be.

Therefore, no matter which of the two interpretations of “Godspeed” be chosen, the v is not that clear-cut directive to the “block disfellowship” of all who break bread with one false teacher. Even if the elders of an ecclesia should decide to tolerate the membership of one holding false doctrine, it cannot be said that members of that ecclesia who continue to use every opportunity to expose and denounce his errors are “bidding him God speed” or “partaking of his evil deeds”. To say that they are is a travesty of language. The situation has been known a hundred times over that something done or said by a brother has been openly disapproved of by the rest of his ecclesia without excommunication being applied. At times the simpler expedient of removing such a brother from all speaking and teaching duties has allowed him the scope to recover his spiritual balance and forsake his error.

RR’s understanding of “Godspeed” certainly conforms with this. He says:

“If men lend themselves to the evil projects of others and wish them well in them, no doubt they are as responsible for those projects as if they actually promoted them with their own personal labours. This is the principle to which John gives expression when he says, ‘He that biddeth him (the holder of false doctrine) God speed is partaker of his evil deeds’ ” (“True Principles and Uncertain Details” 187,188).

The problem in a single-minded reliance on this passage to justify wholesale separation is evident when the effects are fully considered. It is self-evident that an interpretation of a passage that “proves” too much actually proves nothing at all — for then there is surely something wrong with that interpretation. This is so with an unbalanced view of 2Jo 1:10,11: (1) If merely refusing to punish error is “bidding Godspeed” to it, then was Christ a “partaker of the evil deeds” of the adulteress when he said, “Neither do I condemn thee”? (2) Should brethren hold themselves to be “partakers” and thus personally guilty of every aberration or “sin” of every brother or sister in their “fellowship”? This is perceived as sheer folly when examples are considered. Suppose, for example, one brother in your worldwide fellowship — only one — smokes; suppose another, but only one, occasionally drinks to excess. Now you yourself never touch tobacco or liquor of any sort. Are you nevertheless a “partaker” of these things, and many more, because you endure these brethren in your “fellowship”? In short, is a brother really the sum of all the worst parts of all his weakest brethren? Such ill-founded logic must be our conclusion if we apply 2Jo 1:10,11 to any and every ecclesia situation.

Two short quotations from JT would seem to go well here:

(1) Of the correspondent who accused him of being a “slave owner”, he wrote:

“His argument is that in fellowshipping slave owners, and those who fellowship them, the parties so fellowshipping them are partakers with them of their evil deeds; and therefore as much slave owners and slave holders as if they actually held and drove them. The argument is specious but not sound” (Herald 1851, 204).

(2) And again:

“The salvation of individuals is not predicated on the purity of their neighbour’s faith, though these may be members of the same ecclesiastical organization” (Ibid, 120).

In conclusion: 2Jo 1:10,11 appears to be the only passage in the Bible which puts “toleraters” on the same ground of condemnation as the “false teachers” themselves. We have shown that, for the purposes of condemning those who “bid them Godspeed”, this passage proves either too little (for the context is quite specialized) or too much (thus making us all “partakers” of every “evil” to be found in our midst). The wisest course would appear to be that we leave 2Jo alone as “pure fellowship” justification, and that we turn our attentions to other passages which may give more solid footing, and practical limitations as well, for Biblical “disfellowship”.

Golgotha

GOLGOTHA: The site of Golgotha and Garden Tomb:

What do we know about the site of the tomb?

  1. It was rock-hewn (Mar 15:46).
  2. “In the place” (Joh 19:46), “near at hand” (Mar 15:42).

  3. A private garden belonging to a rich man (Mat 27:57).

The traditional site, where the “Church of the Holy Sepulchre” is located today, was probably inside the city walls at that time, and thus disqualified… for Jesus was crucified outside the city.

Another possibility, “Gordon’s Tomb”, was discovered in 1867 — north of the old city, near the Damascus Gate, under a hill somewhat resembling a skull. (An English explorer named Gordon discovered and excavated this tomb.) The entire area was found to be honeycombed with tombs dating to first century. One tomb nearby bore the inscription: “Buried near my Lord”.

The sepulchre is in what was obviously once a garden — a small level yard with a few fruit trees and plants. At the north end is a high perpendicular wall. There is an opening with a runway suitable for a rock wheel, and a burial room about 10 feet square.

Golgotha signifies “skull”, from the Hebrew “galal” = circle (cp Galilee). Most likely, then, it was this hill north of Jerusalem, on the Damascus Road, where criminals were executed. To it was attached the name of “Skull” because

  1. it was the place of death,
  2. shaped like a skull, with recesses for eyes, mouth, etc,

  3. and perhaps the site where Adam died [it is an ancient tradition that Adam died at what later became Jerusalem]; and

  4. perhaps the site of the burial of Goliath’s head/skull.

If the ancient tradition is correct, that Golgotha derived its name from being the burial place of Adam… then here, supposedly, was laid to rest the skull of the first Adam; and here, also, the last Adam came to restore that which his predecessor lost.

A more likely supposition, however, is that Golgotha was the site of the burial of the skull of Goliath (1Sa 17:54). Thus Christ, in his death, figuratively bruised the head of the serpent (Gen 3:15) just where David buried the head of the Philistine, the “man of sin”.

Good Samaritan (Luk 10)

Out of the crowds that followed Jesus , a lawyer stepped forth one day with a question to test the new rabbi: “Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life?” (Luk 10:25). Was this a sincere question or another attempt to catch him at his words? Whichever it was, Jesus treated the question and the questioner respectfully. His first answer, however, was not really an answer at all, but rather another question, which turned the testing back upon the lawyer. It would lead him, if he had an open mind, to a searching self-examination of belief and practice: “What is written in the law? How readest thou?” (Luk 10:26).

“And he answering said, ‘Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind: and thy neighbour as thyself’ ” (Luk 10:27).

It was an excellent answer, showing an insight into the law born of deep and prayerful study. He had thus linked together two commandments from separate parts of the Torah (Deu 6:5; Lev 19:18). On a later occasion Jesus himself did the very same thing in response to the query as to what was the greatest commandment (Mat 22:39).

“And Jesus said unto him, ‘Thou hast answered right: this do, and thou shalt live’ ” (Luk 10:28).

There is a great gulf between reason and response, between theory and practice, between hearing and doing. To so answer was relatively easy; to do was another matter altogether. And so it is for all of us: Love as a Biblical concept, and the mystical expression of love for God, are often on the lips of His children. But the practical expression of that love is a difficult business.

The lawyer now sought “to justify himself” (Luk 10:29): “Who is my neighbour?” Evidently he thought the first part of the great commandment was no problem for him; after all, what right-thinking, religious person did not love God with all his being? But the penetrating gaze of this rabbi and the finality of his admonition — “This DO!” — left even this confident lawyer a trifle uneasy at his position in regard to the second half. In so asking he betrayed the weakness of those who concentrated upon the meticulous observance of the law; he was anxious to know the exact limits of his obligations. Who were those who in his particular situation had claims upon him? Was it not possible that he was already obeying the law — even in this matter?

As he so often did, Jesus answered a question with a parable that at first glance was not an answer at all. It was a story, however, which would be very familiar to his listeners.

A certain man was descending the dreaded “Way of Blood” that led from Jerusalem to Jericho. Though it was a dangerous journey — for the twists and turns of the rocky path offered numerous places for brigands to hide — he traveled alone. And, sure enough, he fell among cruel thieves and was left to die.

It so happened that a priest came down by that way, and passed by on “the other side”; likewise, a Levite. These paragons of sacrifice and ritual would not be detoured from the fulfillment of their duties; with averted eyes they hastened on. One can imagine the many possible ways by which they would have sought to justify themselves in such neglect. Perhaps they were even so close together that each was aware of the other’s failure as well as his own.

The priest might have thought: ‘My work is most important; I will let this lesser Levite behind me tend to this rather unpleasant business.’ And the Levite might well have said to himself: ‘The priest did not bother; and his calling to keep the Law is higher than mine; why should I?’ None of us are such strangers to the act of self-justification that these excuses or a dozen like them would seem totally unreasonable. No doubt we can all recall “reasons” for failing to do our duty that were just as flimsy when later held up to the clear light of Scripture.

And looking upon him, they both passed by on the other side! The lesson is obvious: this man was a “stranger” to them; why should they be inconvenienced by someone who might be a grievous sinner? Indeed, perhaps they feared defilement! ‘We might be partakers of this man’s sins.’ In Christ’s analogy they plainly loved self more than they loved any “neighbor”. This was a fault no less to be rebuked simply because it was induced by a rigid doctrinal view of “holiness”. Their special Bible interpretations added to their legalistic duties (“Touch not, handle not the unclean thing”), but those same interpretations sadly detracted from what they should have readily recognized as practical duties. The lesson must not be lost on us. (A few years ago an ecclesia planned a special lecture, with considerable advertising. A large number of visitors attended, but of them all only one finally accepted the Truth and was baptized. And she did not attend because of any media advertising, but solely because — on the very day of the lecture — a brother played the part of “Good Samaritan” to a motorist in distress.)

But a certain Samaritan — one of the race despised by the “elite” Pharisaic Jews — happened also to come that way. Having compassion upon the fallen Jew, whom he might have left to his fate with more justification than did the other two, he went to him. Binding up his wounds, setting him on his own beast, he brought him safely to the inn. In so doing, the Samaritan brought upon himself grave personal danger — the thieves might have still been around. Furthermore, it was a messy and troublesome job to bind up the man’s wounds. And also, he experienced a real material loss; two pence was not a small sum (by Mat 20:2 it would represent two days’ wages).

Christ himself is to be seen in the parable. Surely it is worth noting that his enemies at least once denounced him as a Samaritan (Joh 8:48), perhaps in reference to the peculiar circumstances of the marriage of Joseph and Mary, or perhaps because of his fearless association with that hated nation (Joh 4:40). Christ is our neighbor, coming near to us in our fallen condition, showing mercy to those who do not deserve it. We have all descended the road of blood toward the city of the curse (Jos 6:26); we have all been wounded by sin and we have all lain near death. At great personal risk and inconvenience and loss, even at the expense of legal defilement, Christ has stopped, and stooped, to help us. He has reinforced that lesson: “Go, and do thou likewise!”

The Samaritan in the parable is pictured as telling the innkeeper, into whose hands he committed the wounded man: “Whatsoever you spend in his care, even if it be more than I have given you, I will repay you” (Luk 10:35). Those who follow his example, even at risk to themselves, who go the extra mile to bear with and help a fallen brother, to bind up wounds in the ecclesia, pouring in the oil of kindness and love… those who do such things will never lose anything. There is no danger in such a policy of self-sacrifice. “I will repay thee”, are the words of Christ.

“And be ye kind one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for Christ’s sake hath forgiven you” (Eph 4:32).

“Christ suffered for us, leaving us an example, that ye should follow his steps” (1Pe 2:21).

And now the lawyer’s question is put to him: “Which of these three was neighbour to the man who fell among thieves?” The answer was inescapable, but even then the fastidious Jew could not bring himself to name the man by race. So instead: “He that shewed mercy on him.” A neighbor is one who shows mercy, who offers help and love to those who do not deserve it. Even the most blatant self-interest leads us to love those who love us; there is no special sacrifice in this. True love that emulates the Master must stretch out to include those who may be separated from us. Ceremonial purity may pass by on the other side, holding its garments aloof, that it be not touched by the fallen condition of others. But true love looks upon misfortune, stops to help, binds up wounds, pouring in wine and oil, and walks step by step with those who have fallen, until they all come safely to the inn.

Before we go too far afield to find the neighbors we should love, let us look around us, at a divided, problem-riddled Christadelphia. Let us consider the brethren who hold the Truth just as we do, but who need a helping hand to be bound again to the brotherhood. Let us consider our attitudes toward those “other groups” who may be so close to us in beliefs but whom we put so far away in practice; are they our “Samaritans”?

“The Samaritans were neighbours in the most literal sense, but as for loving them, that seemed impossible. Christ loved them and caused his disciples to marvel at the manner in which he spake to the woman at Jacob’s well and afterwards to others who came out to hear him. The Jews as a whole almost made it a part of their religion to hate the Samaritans, and if they were able to analyze their own feelings they would probably have to admit that the hatred was directly traceable to the fact of their being such near neighbours. This is a common weakness of poor human nature. Those who are near but not quite with us arouse more bitterness of feelings than complete strangers. Then when such an evil feeling has been once started, the deceitful heart begins to build up fancies to justify the hatred, thus further traducing those who have already been wronged” (GL 66).

Good shepherd

The Good Shepherd

“On the roads of Palestine, and on the hills, you see the good shepherd. He comes along at the head of his flock, generally carrying over his shoulders a lamb or an injured sheep.

“A most remarkable thing is the sympathy that exists between him and his flock. He never drives them as our own shepherds drive their sheep. He always walks at their head, leading them along the roads and over the hills to new pasture: and, as he goes, he sometimes talks to them in a loud sing-song voice, using a weird language unlike anything I have ever heard in my life.

“Early one morning I saw an extraordinary sight not far from Bethlehem. Two shepherds had evidently spent the night with their flocks in a cave. The sheep were all mixed together and the time had come for the shepherds to go in different directions. One of the shepherds stood some distance from the sheep and began to call. First one, then another, then four or five animals ran toward him; and so until he had counted his whole flock.

“More interesting than the sight of this was the knowledge that Jesus must have seen exactly the same sight and described it in his own words: ‘He calleth his own sheep by name, and leadeth them out. And when he putteth forth his own sheep, he goeth before them, and the sheep follow him: for they know his voice. And a stranger they will not follow…’ This parable spake Jesus unto them. ‘I am the good shepherd, and know my sheep, and am known of mine’ ” (HVM 154).

“I notice that some of the flock keep near the shepherd, and follow whithersoever he goes, without the least hesitation, while others stray about on either side, or loiter far behind; and he often turns round and scolds them in a sharp, stern cry.

“Not unlike the Good Shepherd. Indeed, I never ride over these hills, clothed with flocks, without meditating upon this delightful theme. Our Saviour says that the good shepherd, when he putteth forth his own sheep, goeth before them, and they follow (John 10:4). This is true to the letter. They are so tame and so trained that they follow their keeper with the utmost docility… Any one that wanders is sure to get into trouble.

“Some sheep always keep near the shepherd, and are his special favorites. Each of them has a name, to which it answers joyfully; and the kind shepherd is ever distributing to them choice portions which he gathers for that purpose. These are the contented and happy ones. They are in no danger of getting lost or into mischief, nor do wild beasts and thieves come near them. The great body, however, are mere worldlings, intent upon their own pleasures or selfish interests. They run from bush to bush, searching for variety or delicacies, and only now and then lift their heads to see where the shepherd is…

“Did you ever see a shepherd gather the lambs in his arms, and carry them in his bosom (Isa 40:11)? Often; and he will gently lead along the mothers, in those times when to overdrive them even for a single day would be fatal (Gen 33:13)” (LB 202-205).

Gospel, the

“Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned” (Mar 16:15,16).

“But when they believed Philip preaching the things concerning the kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women” (Acts 8:12).

“For I [Paul] am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek” (Rom 1:16).

“And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the heathen through faith, preached before the gospel unto Abraham, saying, In thee shall all nations be blessed” (Gal 3:8).

The word ‘gospel’ means ‘good news or tidings’. It comes from the Greek word ‘euangelion”, which occurs 101 times in the New Testament. Although the word ‘gospel’ is a New Testament word, its roots are firmly fixed in the Old Testament. As Gal 3:8 (see above) shows, the gospel was preached thousands of years before Jesus was born. To understand the good news preached by Jesus and his disciples, the good news taken by Paul out into the Roman Empire, the good news we receive today, we must appreciate that its origins are to be found at the beginning of time. Indeed, the Apostle Peter states that the gospel he preached had been preached “since the world began” (Acts 3:21). The four references above set out clearly the importance of the gospel and give a framework for understanding it:

  1. to believe the gospel brings salvation
  2. to disregard the gospel brings damnation
  3. if the gospel is believed then baptism must follow
  4. the gospel message is information about the Kingdom of God and the work of the Lord Jesus Christ
  5. the hope of salvation is available to all men and women of all nationalities
  6. faith (belief) that God will accomplish His purpose of bringing salvation through Jesus comes through hearing the gospel message
  7. the gospel we receive today is the same gospel that Abraham believed 4,000 years ago.

The gospel in both Old and New Testaments

The writings of the Apostle Paul show clearly that the gospel message existed before he began his ministry. Before the Lord Jesus Christ was born it was spoken of by the prophets of the Old Testament, preached to Israel in the wilderness and believed and acted on by Abraham (Rom 1:1,2; 2Ti 3:15; Heb 4:2; Gal 3:6-9).

The New Testament describes the gospel as “the hope of Israel”, and Paul and all those who accepted and believed this gospel identified their faith with that of Abraham and faithful men and women in Israel of old (Acts 26:6,7; 28:20; Rom 4:11; Gal 3:29).

The work of Jesus was “to confirm the promises made unto the fathers: and that the Gentiles might glorify God for His mercy” (Rom 15:8,9). The gospel/good news is that God through Christ fulfils the promises to Abraham and Israel, and thus opens up a way of salvation, that all men and women might have eternal life in His Kingdom on this earth (Acts 13:32-39). Resurrection from the dead, a physical experience, is the great hope enshrined in the promises of God, and faith in this is at the heart of the true gospel (1Co 15:20-26; Psa 71:20,21; Isa 26:19; Joh 11:21-27). Abraham had faith in the resurrection from the dead, as Heb 11:13-19 shows. Two incidents in his life especially demonstrate this. Gen 15 shows Abraham asking, “whereby shall I know that I shall inherit [the land]?” (v 8), and he is reassured that, even though he will die “in a good old age”, God has made a covenant with him to give him his eternal inheritance (vv 15,18). Gen 22 contains the story of Abraham being prepared to offer his son Isaac, and in so doing demonstrating his faith in resurrection from the dead (Heb 11:19).

The things concerning the Kingdom

When Philip preached the gospel to the people in Samaria, “the things concerning the kingdom of God” were an important part (Acts 8:12). It was necessary for people to know and understand about the Kingdom prior to being baptized. This Kingdom was the one that Abraham believed in and looked forward to, being described in the promises made by God to him (Gen 12:1-3; 13:14-17; Gen 15). Abraham expected the Kingdom to be on the earth, as can be seen from Rom 4:13: “For the promise, that he should be the heir of the world, was not to Abraham, or to his seed, through the law, but through the righteousness of faith”. Stephen, the first martyr, points out that Abraham still awaits the fulfillment of the promises made by God concerning the earthly Kingdom: “He [God] gave him none inheritance in it, no, not so much as to set his foot on: yet He promised that He would give it to him for a possession” (Acts 7:5). Heb 11:39,40 confirms that Abraham will inherit this earthly Kingdom along with faithful believers at a future time.

Jesus “went about… preaching the gospel of the kingdom”, as did his disciples (Mat 4:23; Luk 9:2,6,11). When he was born, the message of the angel was, “the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David: and he shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end” (Luk 1:32,33). Here is the link to the descendants of Abraham, showing that the Kingdom will be an everlasting Kingdom reigned over by Christ.

Jesus taught his followers to pray, “Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven” (Mat 6:10), having the same expectation as that of Abraham. Along with his teaching, Jesus performed miracles, which gave a cameo of what the Kingdom will be like. The blind received sight, the deaf heard, the lame walked, disease was cured; he even raised the dead. The poor were justly treated and the hungry fed. Even the wind and waves obeyed his voice. His teaching showed men and women how to live and worship. This was a foretaste of the Kingdom spoken of by the prophets (Isa 35; Psa 37:11; 72; Mic 4:1-4).

The things concerning the name of Jesus Christ

To live for ever in this wonderful Kingdom it will be necessary for death to be overcome. Death is a punishment for sin, and every one save Christ deserves to die (Gen 3:17-19; Rom 5:12). As Paul says, “the wages of sin is death”; but he goes on to say, “…but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord” (Rom 6:23). That is why Christ says, “Your father Abraham rejoiced to see my day: and he saw it, and was glad” (Joh 8:56). Abraham looked forward to the time when the Son of God would make it possible for death to be overcome through his sinless life. Hebrews confirms that Jesus came to put away sin, and in his sacrifice our sins are forgiven (Heb 9:11,12,26; 10:10). Jesus did not die instead of us, but his sacrifice is the means by which our sins are forgiven and we can be made immortal (1Co 15:3,4,20-23).

Paul teaches that it is belief in the things of the Kingdom and the work of Jesus that leads to baptism into the saving name of Jesus (Rom 6:1-6), and in baptism we are linked to Abraham and his faith (Gal 3:26-29).

So the gospel that has been preached for thousands of years holds out to all men and women the hope of eternal life in God’s Kingdom on the earth reigned over by Jesus Christ.

Gospel and its social implications

Through the years we have all spent considerable time studying Bible prophecy and the events surrounding Jesus’ Second Coming. But we may have been less interested or concerned with the social and ethical consequences of our prophetic faith. The obvious danger of this deficiency is that we may be tempted to draw simplistic political conclusions from our study of prophetic details.

Many of us believe that, according to Bible prophecy, a Last Days Arab confederacy will attempt to annihilate Israel (Psa 83:1-8; Zec 14). Many of us also believe that the leader of such a confederacy will be a Middle East political figure, probably an Islamic Arab. Some others think the leader will be a Russian political figure. Either way, it is also believed, with good reason, that such an anti-Israel force will be destroyed by divine power.

What political conclusions do we draw from this? We might conclude that God is siding with the modern state of Israel and against the “evil” Arabs and/or the “evil” Russians. This in turn might lead us to endorse any and all of Israel’s actions, no matter how immoral or unjust. The irony is: we could end up favoring completely unbelieving Jews against Palestinian or Russian Christians.

The apostle Peter told Cornelius and his family:

“God does not show favoritism but accepts men from every nation who fear him and do what is right” (Acts 10:34,35).

And the apostle Paul wrote:

“You are all sons of God through faith in Christ Jesus, for all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek… “

— he could as easily have written, “neither Jew nor Arab, neither American nor Russian nor Iraqi nor Palestinian” —

“… slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus” (Gal 3:26-28).

So, even if the final enemy of God (according to prophecy) will be an Arab (or a Russian) leading an Arab and/or Muslim coalition, this does not mean that all present-day Arabs (or Russians) are enemies of God. Nor will it mean that every Arab will prove to be evil when that time does come. During the holocaust, not every German was a Nazi. Some German Christians protested Hitler’s actions. Some even risked their own lives to save Jews.

Similarly, not every Jew or Israeli is a child of God. When some of the Jewish elite questioned Jesus’ teaching, and protested that “Abraham is our father” (John 8:39), Jesus disagreed:

“If you were Abraham’s children… then you would do the things Abraham did… You belong to your father, the devil… “

— a charge equivalent to “seed of the serpent” or “brood of vipers” (Mat 3:7; 23:33) —

“… He who belongs to God hears what God says. The reason you do not hear is that you do not belong to God” (John 8:39,47).

God is not on the side of modern Israel as opposed to the Arabs. He is rather on the side of His children, those from all nations who have called on the name of the Lord (Rom 10:11-13).

But, having said this, we should not conclude either that God has rejected natural Israel:

“Did God reject his people? By no means! I am an Israelite myself, a descendant of Abraham, from the tribe of Benjamin. God did not reject his people, whom he foreknew” (Rom 11:1,2).

And so there is a very real tension in our prophetic studies… because Last Days prophecies do indicate that God will save Israel from the hostile Arab forces that opppose it. Can we resolve this tension?

Yes, by understanding that God will save Israel (really, a remnant of Israel) not because they are natural sons of Abraham, but because they (the remnant) will have become true believers in the God of Abraham and the Son of that God:

“If they do not persist in unbelief, they will be grafted in, for God is able to graft them in again… Israel has experienced a hardening in part until the full number of the Gentiles has come in. And so all [true] Israel will be saved, as it is written: ‘The deliverer will come from Zion; he will turn godlessness away from Jacob. And this is my covenant with them when I take away their sins’ ” (Rom 11:23,25-27).

The phrase “when I take away their sins” indicates a cleansing for Israel (true Israel, the “remnant”), brought about through their repentance and faith (see, for example, Zec 12:10 — 13:3, which is the prelude to Zec 14).

But we do well to remember, in the meantime, that God is not truly on the side of unbelievers (no matter what their ethnicity), and that we must be careful not to champion nationalistic states when their actions are ungodly. In the conflicts yet to come, we must favor neither nationalistic Israel nor nationalistic Arab, but Christ!

“If you belong to Christ, then [and then only] you are [truly] Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise” (Gal 3:29).


Acknowledgment: Some of the above is drawn from an article by Mark Mattison in The Restitution Herald, Oct-Nov 1994.

Gossip

Gossip:

Psa 19:14: Notice that God links the words of our mouth and the meditations of our heart.

Gossip defined: Idle or malicious talk about someone with a desire or intention to injure him or her in some fashion.

God places gossip in the most complete list of sins in the Bible and shows how it is interrelated with all these sins: (a) Rom 1:28-31: No wonder God hates it; (b) 2Ti 3:1-3 (slanderous); (c) Exo 20:12-16 (false testimony); (d) Pro 6:16-19 (false witness, dissension).

The issue for the believer is that gossip does not fit who we are. The idea that a person could be praying and talking to God, while at the same time destroying someone with gossip simply doesn’t work.

Why do people engage in gossip?

  • Pride.
  • It is a means by which they can express their anger or their bitterness toward someone without confronting them.

  • People gossip to pull others down to their level… or

  • To destroy someone else.
  • Or perhaps simply because they have a careless tongue.

  • It is the influence of other people.

Consequences in the life of the person who is the object of the gossip:

  1. Pain.
  2. Suffering.
  3. Hurt.
  4. Intense pain.

Some say they have the right to speak the truth. You may have a legal right to speak the truth, but you don’t have a Biblical right to say everything you know.

Consequences for the one who gossips:

  • Mat 12:33,34.
  • Mat 15:10,11.

  • Gossip defiles the one who practices it.

  • It reveals his/her lack of discipline.

  • It shows he/she is ruled by sin.

  • It drives godly people away from him/her.

  • It destroys his/her fellowship with God.

Little minds discuss people. Average minds discuss events. Great minds discuss ideas.

Cautions:

  • Pro 20:19.
  • Do not associate with a gossip.

  • Eph 4:29-30.

  • It grieves the Holy Spirit when a person is gossiping.

How to cure gossip:

  • Repentance.
  • The gossiper may need to make restitution, but you must be careful because that can sometimes only increase the problem.

  • Don’t associate with gossips.

  • Pray for the person.

Ezekiel-Revelation pattern

The OT book of Ezekiel is a key interpretation source for the NT book of Rev. The experience and visions of Ezekiel the prophet find their counterpart in the experience and visions of John the apostle. Therefore, the symbols, principles and predictions found in the prophecies of Ezekiel can reasonably be used as guidelines and insights when interpreting the Apocalypse.

A review of the contents of each chapter or set of chapters in Ezekiel, noting the corresponding symbol or event or allusion in a specific chapter or chapters in Revelation, provides the basic evidence. It will become obvious that there are a large number of explicit correspondences between the two books. Conclusion: the pattern found in Ezekiel’s book is also to be found in the Apocalypse. Here’s the evidence:

Ezekiel 1 1 Ezekiel was in exile in Babylon. John was in exile on Patmos (Rev 1:9). 3 The hand of the LORD was upon Ezekiel (“in the Spirit”: cf. 3:14). John was in the Spirit on the Lord’s day (Rev 1:9). 5 Four living creatures in association with the throne of God. Four living creatures in association with the throne of God (Rev 4:6). 24 The sound of their wings was like the sound of many waters, like the thunder of the Almighty, plus a voice (v. 25). Voice from heaven like the sound of many waters and like the sound of loud thunder (Rev 14:2). 26 The throne of the LORD’s glory, accompanied by firmament and rainbow (v. 28). The rainbowed throne of God in heaven (Rev 4:3,9). 27 The appearance of the One on the throne, a representation of the glory of the LORD (v 28). The appearance of the One standing in the midst of the lampstands (Rev 1:13-15). 28 When he saw it, Ezekiel fell on his face, and then he heard a voice speaking. John heard a voice speaking, and when he turned and saw who it was, he fell at his feet as if dead (Rev 1:12,17).

Ezekiel 2 1 Ezekiel was empowered to stand on his feet again. The right hand of the glorified One is laid upon John so that he can bear the message (Rev 1:17). 3 Ezekiel was sent to the people of Israel, a nation of rebels, to declare “Thus says the LORD” (v 4). John is given the revelation from God (via Jesus, via the angel)         and told to write what he saw in a book and send it to the seven churches (Rev 1:1,11,19). 9 By a stretched-out divine hand, a scroll was offered to Ezekiel to eat. By the hand of an angel, John is given a scroll to eat (Rev 10:8,9).

Ezekiel 3 3 Ezekiel ate the prophecy scroll, which was sweet as honey. John likewise ate the prophecy scroll, which was sweet as honey at first, but afterwards was bitter (Rev 10:9,10).

Ezekiel 4 17 Famine conditions in Jerusalem resulted from a siege. Implied lack of bread during third seal is prophesied (Rev 6:6).

Ezekiel 5 2 “A third part” was used to segment the people of Jerusalem and the impending punishments upon them, as interpreted in vv. 5-12. “A third of…” was used to describe the segments of punishments during the trumpets (Rev 8:7,9-12; 9:15). 17 Famine, wild beasts, pestilence and sword (cf. 6:11). Sword, famine, pestilence, and wild beasts of the earth (Rev 6:8; 18:8).

Ezekiel 6 4 A multiplicity of idols (cf. vv. 5,6,9,13). Idols of gold, silver, bronze, stone and wood (Rev 9:20).

Ezekiel 7 2 The four corners of the land of Israel (implying the desolation to come upon the whole land). The four corners of the earth (or land: see sidebar)         the setting of the trumpet punishments (Rev 7:1; 8:7,8,10,13). 8 God’s wrath poured out. God’s wrath poured out in part (Rev 8; 9)         and in full (Rev 16:19). 14 The trumpet blown and all made ready for disaster upon the godless in Israel. The trumpets blown in Rev 8; 9; 11 herald destruction upon the godless. 20 The abominable images and detestable idols. The works of men’s hands associated with the worship of demons and idols (Rev 9:20).

Ezekiel 8 3 The Spirit lifted Ezekiel up between earth and heaven, and brought him in visions of God to Jerusalem; the same will happen again in 40:2, where he is taken to a very high mountain, to see a structure like a city opposite him. The Spirit carried John away to a great high mountain and showed him the holy city Jerusalem coming down out of heaven (Rev 21:10).

Ezekiel 9 2 Six men with destroying power, and a seventh man with a writing case, were associated with the slaughter of the wicked in Jerusalem. Seven angels will blow trumpets and bring destruction upon the earth (Rev 8:6). 2 The seven men stood beside the bronze altar. The seven angels stand before God while another angel comes and stands at the golden altar (Rev 8:2,3). 4 Those who groan over the abominations in the land were marked upon their foreheads so as not to be slain by the six destroying men. Four angels with destroying power are restrained until the servants of God are sealed upon their foreheads (Rev 7:1-3).

Ezekiel 10 2 Burning coals were taken from among the cherubim and scattered over the city. A censer is filled with fire from the altar and thrown on the earth (Rev 8:5).

Ezekiel 11 16 God was a sanctuary for His people wherever they had been scattered. The “sealed” are before the throne of God and serve Him day and night within His temple (Rev 7:15). 20 In the context of a restored Israel: “They shall be my people, and I will be their God.” In the context of new Jerusalem being established: “He will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself will be with them” (Rev 21:3).

Ezekiel 12 28 A voice said: “None of my words will be delayed any longer, but the word which I speak will be performed.” The angel “swore by him who lives for ever… that there should be no more delay, but… the mystery of God, as he announced by his servants the prophets, should be fulfilled” (Rev 10:6,7); also, “Do not seal up the words of the prophecy of this book, for the time is near” (Rev 22:10).

Ezekiel 13 2 False prophets who saw delusive visions and who spoke lying divinations (v. 9). The false prophet and the three unclean spirits (Rev 16:13). 13 The storm of God’s wrath, a deluge of rain in anger, and great hailstones of wrath. The fury of God’s wrath, including thunder, lightning, earthquake and great hailstones (of a hundred pounds)         (Rev 16:18-21). 18 Women hunted down souls belonging to God’s people, and kept other souls alive for profit. The harlot trades in human souls (Rev 18:13).

Ezekiel 14 4 Men took idols into their hearts and set the stumbling block of iniquity before their faces. Men would not give up worshiping demons and idols of gold and silver and bronze and wood and stone, which cannot either see or hear or walk (Rev 9:20). 21 Four sore acts of judgment upon Jerusalem: sword, famine, evil beasts and pestilence, to cut off man and beast. The fourth seal aspects of judgment: sword, famine, pestilence and wild beasts of the earth (Rev 6:8).

Ezekiel 15 7 Fire would consume the inhabitants of Jerusalem…and the land would be made desolate, because they had acted unfaithfully (v. 8). A third of the earth (land)         will be burnt up with fire (Rev 8:7).

Ezekiel 16 26-29 Israel played the harlot with Egypt, Assyria, and Babylon. The harlot commits fornication with the kings of the nations (Rev 17:2). 30 The deeds of a brazen harlot. The description of a brazen harlot, drunk with the blood of saints and martyrs (Rev 17:4-6). 37-41 At God’s direction, former lovers gathered to uncover the nakedness of the harlot-city, strip her bare of clothes and jewels, burn her with fire, and slay her inhabitants. “The ten horns and beast will hate the harlot, make her desolate and naked, devour her flesh and burn her up, for God has put it into their hearts” (Rev 17:16,17).

Ezekiel 17 22 A high and lofty mountain, the place of God’s planting and fruitfulness. “New Jerusalem” comes down to a great high mountain, a place of great fruitfulness (Rev 21:10; 22:2).

Ezekiel 18 30 In a context of ‘this may be your last chance’, “Repent and turn from all your transgressions, lest iniquity be your ruin.” In the same context, “Fear God and give him glory, for the hour of his judgment has come” (Rev 14:7).

Ezekiel 20 38 “I will let you go in by number: I will purge out the rebels from among you.” “But nothing unclean shall enter it, nor anyone who practices abomination or falsehood…” (Rev 21:27). 47 “Behold, I will kindle a fire, and it shall devour every green tree in you and every dry tree; the blazing fire shall not be quenched, and all faces from south to north shall be scorched by it.” “A third of the trees were burnt up” (Rev 8:7); “men were scorched by the fierce heat, and they cursed the name of God who had power over their plagues” (Rev 16:9).

Ezekiel 21 7 When they heard the tidings of God’s doom, “every heart will melt and all hands will be feeble; every spirit will faint and all knees will be weak as water.” When they see the certainty of God’s doom, they call the mountains and rocks to fall on them and hide them from the wrath of God…”for who can stand before it?” (Rev 6:15-17).

Ezekiel 22 2,3 “A city that sheds blood in the midst of her…and makes idols to defile herself.” In the great city “was found the blood of prophets and of saints, and of all who have been slain on earth” (Rev 18:24). 31 Regarding the bloody city and its inhabitants: “I have poured out my indignation upon them; I have consumed them with the fire of my wrath; their way I have requited upon their head, says the Lord GOD.” God pours out His wrath on Babylon (Rev 16:17,19), and “she shall be burned with fire, for mighty is the God who judges her… render to her as she herself has rendered, and repay her double for her deeds” (Rev 18:6,8).

Ezekiel 23 2 “Two women, the daughters of one mother…played the harlot.” “Babylon the great, mother of harlots and of earth’s abominations” (Rev 17:5). 18 “She carried on her harlotry so openly and flaunted her nakedness, I turned in disgust from her…” “She glorified herself and played the wanton…” (Rev 18:7). 22-26 “I will rouse against you your lovers… and I will commit judgment to them… and I will direct my indignation against you… they shall seize your sons and daughters, and your survivors shall be destroyed by fire; they shall also strip you of your clothes and take away your fine jewels.” “The woman was … bedecked with gold and jewels and pearls… a harlot with whom the kings of the earth have committed fornication… the beast with seven heads and ten horns carried her…the ten horns and the beast will hate the harlot; they will make her desolate and naked, and devour her flesh and burn her with fire, for God has put it into their hearts to carry out his purpose” (Rev 17:2,4,7,16,17). 32 “You shall drink your sister’s cup… you will be filled with drunkenness and sorrow…a cup of horror and desolation.” “Holding in her hand a golden cup full of abominations and the impurities of her fornication” (Rev 17:4). 40 “For them you bathed yourself, painted your eyes, and decked yourself with ornaments; you sat upon a stately couch, with a table spread before it on which you had placed my incense and my oil.” Scarlet-clothed Babylon says is her heart, “A queen I sit…”, and the merchants will bewail her loss, for she no longer buys their cargo, which included gold, silver, jewels, silk and scarlet, incense, myrrh, wine and oil (Rev 18:11-13).

Ezekiel 24 7 “Woe to the bloody city… for the blood she had shed is still in the midst of her.” “Alas, alas for the great city; in one hour has her judgment come… for in her was found the blood of prophets…” (Rev 18:10,24).

Ezekiel 26 17 Lamentation by the princes of the sea over the fall of Tyre. Lamentation of the merchants and shipmasters over the fall of Babylon the great (Rev 18:11-19).

Ezekiel 27 28-36 Lamentation by the mariners over the fall of Tyre. Lamentation of the merchants and shipmasters over the fall of Babylon the great (Rev 18:11-19).

Ezekiel 32 7,8 Re Egypt: “When I blot you out, I will cover the heavens, and make their stars dark; I will cover the sun with a cloud and the moon shall not give its light; all the bright lights of heaven I will make dark over you, and put darkness upon your land.” “A third of the sun was struck, and a third of the moon and stars…so that a third of their light was kept from shining, and likewise a third of the night… the fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast, and its kingdom was in darkness” (Rev 8:12; 16:10). “A city figuratively called Egypt” (Rev 11:8).

Ezekiel 33 27 Sword, famine, pestilence, wild beasts. Sword, famine, pestilence, wild beasts (Rev 6:8).

Ezekiel 34 25 God would banish the wild beasts from the land. Beast and false prophet destroyed (Rev 19:20). 28 Kingdom Age picture: Israel no longer a prey to the nations, no more consumed with hunger, and no longer to suffer reproach of the nations. Kingdom Age picture: no more mourning nor crying nor pain (Rev 21:4).

Ezekiel 35 13 Re Edom: “And you magnified yourselves against me with your mouth, and multiplied your words against me” (with revilings against Israel, which it was allowed to devour). Re beast: “It opened its mouth to utter blasphemies against God, blaspheming his name and his dwelling” (and it was allowed to make war on the saints and to conquer them)         (Rev 13:6,7).

Ezekiel 36 28 “You shall dwell in the land which I gave to your fathers; and you shall be my people, and I will be your God.” “Behold, the dwelling of God is with men. He will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself will be their God” (Rev 21:3). 35 The land restored like the garden of Eden. Nothing accursed; the tree of life (Rev 22:2,3).

Ezekiel 37 26-28 “I will bless them and multiply them, and will set my sanctuary in the midst of them for evermore. My dwelling place shall be with them, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. Then the nations will know that I the LORD sanctify Israel, when my sanctuary is in the midst of them for evermore.” “Behold, the dwelling of God is with men. He will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself will be their God” (Rev 21:3). This is the New Jerusalem, with God being its temple: “By its light shall the nations walk” (Rev 21:24).

Ezekiel 38,39 Gogian invasion and divine destruction. Destruction of the armies that come against the Lamb (Rev 19:17-21), and a similar fate to the nations which come from Gog and Magog to attack the saints and the beloved city (Rev 20:7-9).

Ezekiel 40 2 Ezekiel was brought in visions to a very high mountain, on which was a structure like a city. John likewise sees a city on a very high mountain (Rev 21:10). 4 Ezekiel was instructed to look with eyes, hear with ears, set his mind on what he is to be shown, and then to declare all that he saw to the house of Israel. Similar instruction are given to John (Rev 1:19; 19:9; 22:8,18).

Ezekiel 43 7 The throne of God to be in the midst of the people of Israel forever; no more defilement forever. No more anything accursed or unclean, since God’s throne is in the midst of the city (Rev 21:27; 22:3).

Ezekiel 47 1-12 Water comes forth from temple, trees growing on either side, bearing fruit every month and leaves for the healing of the nations. A similar picture in Rev 22:1,2.

Ezekiel 48 35 The name of the city shall be “the LORD is there”. The new Jerusalem is said to be God’s dwelling place, and “the glory of God is its light” (Rev 21:3,23).


Except for a specific local application (eg, princes of Israel in Eze 19)         or a description of a temple building (eg Eze 41,42), virtually every chapter in Ezekiel finds a significant corresponding detail in the Apocalypse. For several of these chapters, the significance refers to whole events or situations, not merely the use of a similar symbol. Twelve of the most obvious correspondences are:

  1. A message soon to be fulfilled.
  2. Prophet/apostle caught up in a vision and directed by a divine messenger.

  3. The four living creatures (cherubim)         and throne of God’s glory in a heavenly sanctuary.

  4. The four-fold punishment: sword, famine, pestilence, beasts.

  5. Sealing on the foreheads of the faithful.

  6. Use of one-third.
  7. God’s wrath poured out.
  8. The harlot, subsequently destroyed by her lovers.

  9. Lamentation over fall of Tyre/Babylon.

  10. Gogian invasion and destruction.
  11. Kingdom Age established by the Messiah/Lamb.

  12. Sanctuary of God in the midst of Israel, with river and healing trees.

When a scientist tries to determine a pattern in his data or to predict a trend from a number of points, he uses a method called “goodness of fit”. If he finds that a large number of the points align themselves with his proposed curve, it is a “good fit”. The fit with Ezekiel is “very good”. Many detailed correspondences, which cover the entirety of both books, demonstrate that Ezekiel IS a pattern for Revelation. Therefore, it is reasonable to generally interpret Revelation in light of the Ezekiel framework.

Interpreting the Apocalypse via Ezekiel

  1. The prophetic message was given to a people who would see a fulfillment (not just a beginning)         soon (immediately, not suddenly). Implication: the whole of Revelation was applicable to the first century.

  2. The message pertained to Jerusalem and its fall, because of the wicked practices of its inhabitants. Implication: an early date of writing, prior to AD 70.

  3. The hearers of the message were outside the land (cf. Ezekiel’s exiles), yet the subject of Jerusalem’s wickedness and God’s certain judgment was very relevant to their own spiritual welfare. Implication: this explains why the letters were sent to Asian ecclesias; Gentile history is not particularly relevant.

  4. The setting of the visions is the same as Ezekiel’s: God’s throne, cherubim, angelic host to do God’s bidding. The big extra in Revelation: the Lamb! Implication: Rev 1 and 5 are not pictures of any “multitudinous Christ”, but of Jesus’ representative angel and the Lamb himself.

  5. The pattern is: punishment upon Jerusalem by God via Gentiles; then the deeds done by the Gentiles will come back upon their own heads. A pattern is seen in the one-third punishment with trumpets and the 100% punishment with bowls or vials. Implication: there is a rationale to the book; it is not just a collection of arbitrary/unrelated political events.

  6. The beast is a Gentile power, whose seven heads could refer to Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, Rome, and a future Mideast power. (These seven may possibly be enumerated a little differently.)         The first six have been the oppressors of Israel, when Israel was in the land. The beast’s ten horns refer to Mideast nations (cf Gen 15:18-21; Psa 83:1-8), or countries allied against Israel (Eze 38). Implication: the seven heads are not seven forms of Roman government; the seven hills do not refer to topology.

  7. The harlot represents two aspects of the same city Jerusalem: initially (a)         inhabited by Jews, punished by God (the jealous Husband)         by means of the beast and ten horns; afterward (b)         being occupied by the beast, Jerusalem becomes a Gentile city, which is destroyed by Christ at his Coming. There are two distinct destructions of the “great city”. Recall that this same “great city” is figuratively called “Sodom and Egypt” (Isa 1:10; Eze 16:48; Jer 44:15-17), and explicitly said to be the place where the “Lord was crucified” (Rev 11:8). Implication: this is not talking about papal Rome, but the physical location of Jerusalem.

  8. The harlot is called “Babylon” because of what that ancient city represented: idolatry and materialism and pride. These features were the same in Tyre, and also in Jerusalem, which had allied itself so much with that city. This explains why Revelation 18 has language taken from Ezekiel and Jeremiah which refers to all three cities. Implication: all godless cities and systems will be included in God’s destructions.

  9. The beast and armies attack the Lamb after he is back in Jerusalem in the midst of a restored Israel. The Lamb has the title “king of kings” and a robe dipped in blood because of his overthrow of the beast’s kingdom (darkened Jerusalem)         and the Arabs (the ten horns). Nevertheless, another ten-nation confederacy comes to counterattack, only to be destroyed by divine wrath on the mountains of Israel. Implication: the Gogian invasion of Eze 38; 39 and Rev 20 is post-adventual, and Israel will continue to dwell safely under Christ’s protection.

  10. The Kingdom is established by the Lamb, now joined by his immortal Bride, and a renewed Jerusalem will become the center of the earth, the throne of the Lord, the focus of God’s law, and the source of divine light and healing to the mortal nations. Implication: Revelation 21 describes the Kingdom Age, not a post-millennial age.

The entire book of the Apocalypse was sent to each ecclesia, and thus the entire book had some relevancy to the first-century believers. They were expected to see the message throughout the book as a direct encouragement to them. Each generation of believers, from the first to the twentieth century, is expected to do the same. Regardless of when they lived, believers would still be able to learn from the coming destruction of Jerusalem and the knowledge that the world oppressor (whichever was then current)         would one day disappear. And they would fervently hope for Christ to return in their lifetime.

Ezra, overview

Author: Ezra

Time: 538 – 457 BC

Summary: Ezra covers the events of the Jews returning from the Babylonian captivity. The decline of Babylon and its eventual overthrow by the Persians brought about this return to Jerusalem. The Jews are numbered and are allowed to return to Judah to rebuild the Temple. Samaritan assistance is rejected and their opposition is a contributing factor to the slow progress of the Temple construction. Despite the delays, the Temple is completed and dedicated during this period.

Key verse: “The Lord our God has been gracious in leaving us a remnant and giving us a firm place in his sanctuary, and so our God gives light to our eyes and a little relief in our bondage” (Ezr 9:8).

Outline

1. The exiles return from Babylon: Ezr 1:1 – 2:70
a) The decree of Cyrus: Ezr 1:1-4
b) Preparations for the journey: Ezr 1:5-11
c) Those who returned: Ezr 2:1-70
2. Temple building begins: Ezr 3:1 – 4:23
a) The altar and the foundation: Ezr 3:1-13
b) Opposition to the work: Ezr 4:1-23
3. The building completed: Ezr 4:24 – 6:22
a) Work resumed: Ezr 4:24 – 5:5
b) Tatnai’s letter to Darius: Ezr 5:6-17
c) Decrees of Cyrus and Darius: Ezr 6:1-12
d) The Temple finished: Ezr 6:13-22
4. Ezra’s journey to Jerusalem: Ezr 7:1 – 8:36
a) Ezra introduced: Ezr 7:1-10
b) Letter of Artaxerxes to Ezra: Ezr 7:11-28
c) The journey to Jerusalem: Ezr 8:1-36
5. Ezra’s reforms: Ezr 9:1 – 10:44
a) The offence of mixed marriages and Ezra’s prayer: Ezr 9:1-15
b) The abandonment of mixed marriages: Ezr 10:1-17
c) List of those with foreign wives: Ezr 10:18-44

Faith

Scripture is clear — we are saved from sin and death because of our faith, not through any deeds that we do. Eternal life is God’s gift, it cannot be earned.

“By grace [that is, an undeserved gift] are ye saved through faith” (Eph 2:8);

“Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law” (Rom 3:28).

What is faith?

Faith is synonymous in Scripture with belief; to have faith is to believe. It is therefore not a mysterious quality which people possess. The faith that saves is, however, not belief in just anything, but in what God has declared in the Scriptures — in particular, what He has said He will do.

Note how faith and belief are synonymous in the following passage: “But without faith it is impossible to please [God]: for he that cometh to God must believe that He is, and that He is a rewarder of them that diligently seek Him” (Heb 11:6).

What must we believe?

The things God wants us to believe are what He has revealed in the Bible, summarized as “the things concerning the kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus Christ” (Acts 8:12). God not only purposes to set up His Kingdom on earth, He has made it possible for sinful humans to live for ever in it by the work of Jesus Christ. This is the essence of what we must believe.

How do we obtain faith?

Faith is not given to us by God, it is our response to God. We cannot, because of our weak natures, perfectly obey God, but we can at least believe what He has revealed to us in His Word.

We cannot believe what we do not know, however; hence “faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God” (Rom 10:17). It was necessary first for God to give His Word; then we must hearken to it and believe it.

Developing faith

Faith does not come in an instant, however; it develops. We can think of three stages in developing faith:

  1. The wonder and variety of the natural world should lead us to believe in the existence of a supreme Being Who created it.
  2. Fulfilled prophecy should convince us that the Bible is uniquely the Word of this supreme Being so that we read it and believe it.
  3. If we continue to read the Scriptures, we will recognize more and more their internal harmony and consistency, and the influence they have on us, and so grow in our faith. Also, our awareness of the hand of God at work in our lives and in the world will grow, and with this too our faith will grow.

Faith and works

Though we are saved by faith, not by works, true faith does not exist apart from works: “faith without works is dead” (Jam 2:20). This means no more than that if we really believe something to be true then we act on it.

Abraham believed that God had the power to bring the dead to life, so he was prepared to sacrifice Isaac when God asked him to; Rahab believed that God was with Israel, and was prepared to help the Israelite spies (Jam 2:21-26). Hebrews 11 is full of examples of people whose faith caused them to act; read carefully this chapter and note such words as ‘offered’, ‘prepared’, ‘went’, ‘blessed’, and so on. We cannot say we have faith yet take no action. Declaring our belief in Christ is insufficient; association with him in baptism is required. Declaring our belief in God’s Kingdom is insufficient; we must try to live as would-be citizens of it now.

Abraham and faith

Abraham is presented in Scripture as the great example of faith. “Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness”, was declared of Abraham when he believed God’s promises, and is quoted of him three times in the New Testament (Gen 15:6; Rom 4:3; Gal 3:6; Jam 2:23).

The life of Abraham shows that he constantly believed God’s promises, and based his life on them: leaving his home to go to Canaan in the belief that he would inherit it for ever; believing that God would give him and Sarah a son, even when it was humanly impossible; even being prepared to sacrifice that son at God’s command.

The life of Abraham also illustrates the development of faith. When God counted Abraham as righteous because of his faith he was about eighty (cf Gen 16:16). James says that when Abraham was prepared to offer up Isaac he was showing that his faith was perfect (mature, or complete), and Gen 15:6 was fulfilled (Jam 2:22,23). By this time he was well over 100. His faith had developed to maturity over the years.

Justification by faith

Justification means ‘counting as righteous’. God says that, though we are sinners, He will count us as being righteous if we truly have faith, just as he counted Abraham as righteous through his faith (Rom 4:3-5). Note the constant recurrence of ‘count’, ‘reckon’ and ‘impute’ in Rom 4 — all the same Greek word.

Trust and faithfulness

Though faith Biblically is synonymous with belief, ‘belief’ in normal English usage is perhaps too weak a term to convey fully the Biblical idea of faith. Perhaps we might like to think of faith as believing what God has said and trusting in Him to carry it out; or as not only initially believing in what God has said, but remaining basically faithful to that belief all our lives, in the face of difficulties, and despite times of doubt and sinfulness. Such ideas give a deeper meaning to this vital concept of faith.