Since there was a baby on the way, of course Mary stayed on at the home of Zacharias and Elisabeth until he was born and, no doubt, until the time of his naming and circumcision. It is impossible to think otherwise.

The birth of a baby is always a time of great rejoicing, and on this occasion it was specially so, for was he not a child of old age, as Isaac had been? Also, it would be surprising if Zacharias and Elisabeth had kept entirely to themselves the burden of Gabriel’s prophecy concerning the child. Their friends “heard that the Lord had magnified his mercy towards her.” Once again the word “mercy”, which has such frequent association with the covenants of promise, is used here as meaning: “God had kept His promise”, the promise of the birth of a son, together with a clear token that he was to help forward the fulfilment of the Covenants.

His Name?

It was natural enough to expect that the baby’s name would be Zacharias, both for family reasons and also to commemorate the old priest’s unique experience in the temple. Besides, what could be more appropriate to a child of old age than a name meaning “Remembered by Jehovah”?

So it was all settled, until Elisabeth startled them, the men as well as the women, by interrupting the usual circumcision prayer: “Blessed be the Lord our God who hath sanctified us by his precepts, and hath commanded us to enter the child into the covenant of Abraham our father” (hence v.73). She insisted: ‘His name must be John’. This created universal surprise, not only that the mother of the baby should assert herself in the presence of the men assembled there, but also because that name did not run in the family — not within living memory.

Reference to Zacharias soon settled the question. That poor old man, deaf and dumb, incommunicado, had been left out of the lively discussion. Now they incoherently tried to put the issue before him, and after a while, helped by Elisabeth no doubt, their meaning went home. With a gesture he signified his need for writing materials. As they all looked on expectantly Zacharias wrote: “John is his name.” Thus the last written word of the O.T.-”curse”-was foil owed at long last by the first written word of the NT. -”John”, the blessing or grace of the Lord. It is perhaps worth noting here, also, that the Old Testament, starting from Eden, and ending with “curse”, is written in Hebrew from right to left. But the New Testament is in Greek from left to right, and ends with Paradise restored.

Even as all present marvelled over this act of Zacharias, the ejaculations of surprise were reduced to an awe-stricken astonishment when the old priest broke his long silence, first by saying the words as well, and then by reciting the circumcision prayer himself. Probably he followed this with a sonorous psalm of praise to God, thanking Him for the encouragement of faith which the birth of the infant John afforded. There is parable here. Without faith (v.20) the man of Law is deaf and dumb. With faith he praises God and celebrates redemption through His Messiah, the fulfilment of the great promises to Abraham and David (allusions to these in v. 69,72,73,78).

A Psalm with Pattern

It is not certain whether Zacharias was led to utter his Benedictus at the circumcision ceremony or in later days to John (v.76,80) when, as a growing boy, he began to show exceptional promise.

But certainly, this psalm has many singular features. It is so intensely Hebraistic in form and phrasing as to encourage belief that it was originally spoken in Hebrew. Also, Bullinger draws attention to its remarkable structure:

A. Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, for he hath visited and redeemed his people.
	B. And hath raised up a horn of salvation for us…
		C. As he spake by the mouth of his holy prophets…
			D. That we should be saved from our enemies…
				E. To perform the mercy promised to our fathers…
				E. The oath which he sware to our father Abraham.
			D. That we being delivered out of the hand of our enemies…
		C. And thou, child, shalt be called the prophet of the Highest…
	B. To give knowledge of salvation unto his people…
A. Through the tender mercy of our God; whereby the dayspring from on high hath visited us.

This repetition with introversion is an impressive device for emphasizing the salient ideas in the psalm. But is it conceivable that Zacharias planned it this way? Here, surely is a watermark of inspiration. The altogether unacceptable alternative, coined by the critics, is that this psalm is Luke’s composition, representing what he thought Zacharias might have said. This is vetoed by the evident priestly character of the language, so appropriate to Zacharias, so inappropriate to Luke the physician. For example:

• The copious quotations from and allusions to the Book of Psalms.
• The word “serve” (v.74) means “serve as a priest”.
• “Holiness… righteousness” (v. 75).
• “The remission of sins” (v.77).
• “Dayspring” (v.78) means also “Branch”; and without doubt besides the first meaning Zacharias intended reference to the King-Priest prophecies in Zech. 6:12; 3:8; Jer. 23:5 (“visited” v.2).

Would such a man as Luke have composed a psalm with such characteristics as these?

Personal Allusions

The next thing to be observed is the relatively small place given here to personal references. Since John was a child of promise, born in most exceptional circumstances, and since Zacharias himself was a living witness to the miraculous power at work in this family, it would be natural to expect a good deal of stress on these phenomena. But is it there? There is the apostrophe to the week-old child: “Thou, child, shalt be called the prophet of the Highest: for thou shalt go before the face of the Lord (cp. v.43) to prepare his ways” (v.76). To the English reader this is all.

But there is traceable also a delightful play on the names of this God-centred family: “To perform the mercy promised to our fathers (John means “Mercy or grace of the lord”), and to remember his holy covenant (this is “Zacharias”); the oath which he sware to our father Abraham (Elisabeth means “God sware).” In this lovely fashion the intense personal emotions of the participants are kept subject to the grander theme of redemption which the work of John was to inaugurate.

The Main Ideas

The development of ideas is very simple. First, the “salvation” theme is concisely expressed: “He hath visited and redeemed his people, and hath raised up an horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David” (v.68,69), not a horn of destruction and desolation such as the Book of Daniel specialises in. This is explicitly stated to be according to “the holy prophets which have been since the world began” (v.70). The first to be designated “prophet” in the Old Testament was Abraham! (v.73; Gen. 20:7; Ps. 105:15). What an entail John was heir to!

Next, the ultimate blessings of this glorious divine purpose are given at length in a succession of Old Testament scriptures. It is worth while to spend a little time considering these.

“God hath visited and redeemed his people.” This is the language of the deliverance of Israel from Egypt (Ex. 3:16; 4:31). But now Zacharias looked forward to a mightier deliverance, the work of a greater than Moses. The word “redeemed” might have either of two Hebrew words at the back of it-one which .signifies “delivered”, as by Moses from Egypt, and the other which describes redemption from sin by sacrifice (as in Heb. 9:12). Either is appropriate here.

Redemption

“He hath raised up an horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David.” In the Old Testament the horn is often a symbol of strength. This and mention of the house of David might well set the reader thinking of a Messianic King- El Gibbor. But “the house of David” may mean the house which David purposed to build for God and which God promised to build for him. A careful pondering of that familar prophecy (2 Sam. 7:5,11,13) will make clear that it envisages a temple composed of dedicated people.

Psalm 132 celebrated David’s bringing of the ark to Zion and his great project to erect a temple “exceeding magnifical” on Mount Moriah: “There will I make the horn of David to bud (or, sprout, shoot up)”. This comes in a context which has six separate allusions to the tabernacle. It is understandable that the mind of Zacharias the priest should run on such a theme as this.

What did he mean when he spoke of being “saved from our enemies, and from the hand of all that hate us”? These are the words of a man with the discernment to see that all the woes and hardships which had come and were yet to come upon Israel were the inevitable consequences of the nation’s lack of loyalty to God and His law: “But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the Lord thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day; that all these curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee” (Dt. 28:15). These things were already in train. Now only the Messiah could save Israel from dire and lamentable trouble. So Zacharias repeated this deep personal conviction (verses 74,75), but this time in the form of a prayer that God would fulfil the wondrous promises made to the Fathers (verses 72,73; Gen. 22:16-18)-a covenant which meant the forgiveness of sins and hence salvation from enemies of every sort.

John and Messiah

The great work of Zacharias’ new-born son-a role in which the old man gloried as he contemplated it-was that of heralding the salvation which Messiah was destined to bring: “And thou, child, shalt be called the prophet of the Highest: for thou shalt go before the face of the Lord (cp. v. 17) to prepare his way”. With this quotation of familiar words from Malachi’s prophecy of the Messiah (3:1) Zacharias expressed his understanding that his son would be the spear-head of a great reforming appeal addressed to the wayward nation. Only thus could they be given “knowledge of salvation-by-the-remission-of-their-sins.”

One of Isaiah’s fine Messianic anticipations was now woven into this theme of salvation: “The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light: they that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shine” (Is. 9:2). But instead of Isaiah’s phrase: “a great light,” this psalm and prophecy has another fine Old Testament expression: “the dayspring from on high”. There is a lovely double meaning here, for this word means, firstly, the dawn (this is Mal. 4:1; the sun of righteousness rising with healing in his wings), and secondly, the Branch. It is the Jeremiah prophecy about the King whose name is “The Lord our Righteousness” (Jer. 23:5) to which Zacharias specially alluded, for that has the word “visited” in its context.

The climactic phrase is: “to guide our feet into the way of peace”. In Jeremiah 23:8 this guidance is to bring Israel back to their own land. But here the words go far beyond the idea of a physical return, for in the Old Testament the dominant association of “peace” is certainly that of peace with God (Mal. 2:6). How happy Zacharias must have been to contemplate the association of this son of his with such a transforming work.

The Effect on the People

However little this inspired utterance was understood by those present, they were put in awe and expectation by what they heard. “And all these sayings were noised abroad”. The birth of John, the sudden dumbness and deafness of Zacharias and his equally sudden recovery, were marvels enough. But his prophetic utterance on this occasion dwarfed all the rest in its impressiveness. So “all these sayings were noised abroad”, for they told of the imminence of Messiah’s coming. Already the nation was being prepared. Many “laid these things up in their hearts” (cp. 2:19,51); and inevitably this miraculously-born son was under public notice from his earliest days: “What manner of child shall this be?”

As the years went by and John grew towards maturity his powers and character gave further ground for expectation: “for also the hand of the Lord was with him.” This is the Old Testament phrase for inspiration. “He was constantly held, or controlled, by the Spirit” (verse 80 should probably be read this way). Under this guidance he forsook his early training as a priest, and went into isolation.

“In the Deserts”

In recent years it has become fashionable to picture John as attached to the ascetic community of Khumran, the home of the Dead Sea scrolls, or with some similar movement. But those who have read with care the catalogue of spiritual futilities which that Essene sect went in for will recognize that a tough, wholesome, virile mind such as John’s would have no truck with that kind of thing.

But it would also be a mistake to think of him as living the entirely solitary life of a hermit. For the work that lay before him he needed a mastery of the Old Testament scriptures, and he needed also a facility in teaching. The lonely life would certainly provide the first of these, but only experience could train him for the other. So it is probably more correct to read the words: “He was in the deserts”, as meaning that he kept away from the centres of population and devoted himself to some small rural community where life was rough and exacting but where unsophisticated faith was to be found and instructed.

Notes: Luke 1:56-80

59.	The naming of the child at circumcision springs from Gen. 17:5, 13, 14.
61.	None of thy kindred. Therefore Zacharias was not closely related to the ruling family of chief priests, for amongst them there was a John; Acts 4:6.
64.	His tongue loosed. With this, and v. 69, compare Ez. 29:21.
68.	Blessed be the Lord God… Is this Ps. 72:18 (see v. 14 also), or 106:48 (see v. 4,45 also)?
69.	Horn of salvation. Another Hannah allusion, (1 Sam. 2:10)? or, as seems more likely in this case, Ps. 18:2? The latter probably, for v. 71,74 also link with 18:17 and the psalm title.
72.	The mercy. Parallelism here shows clearly that this is a synonym for God’s Promises; Ps. 105:8,9; 106:45.
	Remember is passive; i.e. God being “reminded”. The Covenant Name is often called God’s “memorial”.
	Verses 72,73 echo particularly the splendid Mic. 7:20.
76.	Gk: And thou also; i.e. John to continue the glorious line of prophetic witnesses; v. 70.
	Prepare his ways; Is. 40:3; Mal. 3:1.
77.	Knowledge of salvation; i.e. of Jesus; 3:6; 19:9;Jn. 4:22.
	To his people, who were sure they already had this knowledge.
78.	Tender mercy. The promise about Christ (see v. 72).
79.	To give light, with reference to “dayspring” meaning “dawn”; cp. Mal. 4:1.
	pen. The Gk. word implies a helping hand, rather like Simon’s help with the cross of Christ.

Certainly the oldest church tradition—for what it is worth-makes December 25th the day of the Lord’s birth. But is it likely that at that time of the year shepherds would be “abiding in the fields” throughout the night with their flocks? There is also the somewhat suspicious circumstance that December 25th is an old pagan feast. All through the autumn months the day gets shorter and shorter, and the sun at its zenith is lower and lower in the sky. This continues right up to December 21. But in ancient times men without means of exact measurement would not be able to detect the renewed lengthening of daylight until some days later. Thus December 25 became an ancient celebration of the return of the sun heralding the seasons of warmth and fruitfulness.

“The customary date of 25 December cannot be traced further back than the fourth century and is almost certainly an example of the church taking over and ‘baptizing’ an old pagan festival-in this case the winter solstice and the return of the sun” (The Path to Glory; Moorman, Bp. of Ripon).

It is not difficult to see how the church justified this date for the celebration of the birth of Christ. When Zacharias had his revelation from Gabriel in the temple, “the whole multitude of the people were praying without”. The phrase implies one of the great feasts when a specially large throng of worshippers assembled in the temple court. This was assumed to be the Day of Atonement (which it could not possibly have been) or one of the days of the Feast of Tabernacles in the third week of the seventh month. As the table given here shews, this leads to a date in December or early January for the birth of Jesus. Then what more convenient than to appropriate what was already an established feast-day and make that the Nativity of the Lord?

John was born six months before Jesus (Lk. 1:26)

This, according to the last column of the table, leads to the fourth month in the Jewish year as the time of the conception of John. Since this comes soon after the Feast of Weeks (Pentecost), it seems likely that this was the feast when Zacharias was officiating in the temple. The birth of John would then fall in the first month. As already mentioned (Study 3), according to Cyril of Alexandria the church of that city used to celebrate the birth of John on April 23, a date which harmonizes closely with what has just been suggested.

So whilst there is not much evidence one way or the other, it does seem more likely that Jesus was born about the end of September. And if December 25 was the date of the conception, not of the birth, of Jesus, this would lead to the same conclusion.

It is suggested here that very probably Jesus was born at the Feast of Tabernacles. The Roman census was bound to be extremely unpopular with the Jews. So presumably the requirement that every man should go to the city with which his family was historically associated was an attempt to dress up the census in Jewish garb. This movement about the country would inevitably cause considerable dislocation of normal life and would only be possible (as well as acceptable to the people) at a slack time in the agricultural year when the people were on holiday. For this purpose the Feast of Tabernacles, after the in-gathering of the last of the harvests, or the week immediately after that, would almost certainly be the most suitable. Also, this, far better than late December, would be a good time for travelling. Is John giving a hint about the birth of Jesus when he says: “The Word was born flesh, and tabernacled among us” (1:14)?

“Cyrenius was governor of Syria”. Says an old commentator, with evident weariness: “Volumes have been written about this one verse”-and since his day volumes more. The essential facts are these:

The decree from Caesar Augustus “that all the world should be taxed” was really one of a sequence of censuses taken every fourteen years in the Roman provinces. It is known that Cyrenius (Quirinius) was governor of Syria, but at a date which cannot possibly fit the year of the birth of Jesus. For this reason critics have been very ready to assume Luke’s inaccuracy and a late date for writing of his gospel. But through the researches of Sir William Ramsay the historical dependability of Luke has been substantiated over and over again, so it is surely wise to assume that Luke is correct here also until clear proof to the contrary is available. Actually it has been found that at this particular time (about B.C. 5, according to conventional reckoning) Quirinius did hold some important office in Syria such as might well be described as “Quirinius ruling”.

It is possible that the text should be read as meaning: “This was the first census when Cyrenius was ruling in Syria”, as though implying (what is known to be true) that at a later time there was another census under his governorship-which later census was evidently done Roman style and provoked a bitter rebellion led by Judas the Gaulonite. But on the earlier occasion Herod the Great was wily enough to dress up this political event in a Jewish guise, by holding it at the time of a Jewish feast and by insisting on all registering as members of their own particular tribe of Israel. Almost certainly, according to Exodus 30:11-16, the payment was made of the half-shekel of “atonement money … for the service of the tabernacle”. So the priests in Jerusalem would co-operate with enthusiasm, but for poor men like Joseph it would be a heavy tax on slender resources.

Why Mary also?

So, because of the census, Joseph betook himself to Bethlehem to be enrolled, “because he was of the nouse and lineage of David”. There seems to be a tautology here, for either word would suffice. Was it Luke’s intention to emphasize that not only was Joseph in direct line from David but also that he was legal heir to Mary’s side of the family?

But why was he accompanied by Mary? Since the time of her delivery was near, was it not wiser that she remain at home? Various explanations are available: To save Mary from an environment that would be rife with rumour about her. So that Jesus might be officially registered as belonging to the line of D*avid. Because Mary was an heiress in her own right, and must therefore register. Because Joseph and Mary intended to make a fresh start, settling in Bethlehem or some other place. The reason might be any or none of these. But the basic reason was an angelic constraint on the mind of a great Roman emperor nearly 1500 miles away, leading him to order that this census be organized in this particular way. Robert Roberts writes very well on this (Nazareth Revisted p. 33a).

Because so many people were travelling, the inn on the outskirts of Bethlehem was filled to capacity. This place was “the habitation of Chimham” (the Hebrew word means “a place for strangers”; Jer. 41:17). It was so called because it had been founded by the son of Barzillai (2 Sam. 19:37) when he was at the court of David, to commemorate the hospitality shown by his father to David at the time of Absalom’s rebellion (2 Sam. 17:27-29).

Symbolism

But now there was no shelter for the greater Son of David (cp. Jud. 19:15). It is even doubtful whether the manger in which Jesus was laid was in the yard of the inn. The words of the angel to the shepherds: “Unto you is born this day…” and “Ye shall find the babe…” might well imply that it was in the shepherds’ bothy where the Lamb of God was born. So those seeking to identify the birthplace of Jesus should look for remains of “the tower of Eder”, “the tower of the flock”, somewhere on the (northern) outskirts of Bethlehem (Mic. 4:8; Gen. 35:21). When Joseph and Mary saw the tower, did they recall the Micah prophecy and ask permission to lodge there? The tradition that Jesus was born in a cave seems to have been a precarious inference by the early church from Isaiah’s words: “He shall dwell in a high cave of a strong rock: bread (Bethlehem) shall be given him, and his water shall be sure. Ye shall see a king with glory” (33:16,17 LXX).

It has been a popular idea that, because the text says: “She (Mary) laid him in a manger”, it was a birth free from pain and distress. But Micah’s prophecy (with more than one fulfilment) seems to imply the opposite: “Now why dost thou cry out aloud? is there no king in thee?… for pangs have taken thee as a woman in travail. Be in pain, and labour to bring forth, O daughter of Zion, like a woman in travail” (4:9,10). If Matthew can insist that the passage four verses further on (5:2; Mt 2:6) had a fulfilment in the birth of Jesus, then this also, surely.

That first cradle for the infant Son of God was described by the Lord through His prophet: “The ox knoweth his master, the ass his master’s crib: but Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider” (Is. 1:3). Perhaps also attention should be directed to the prayer of Habakkuk:

“O Lord … thou shalt be made known between the two living creatures” (3:2 LXX), an allusion to the Glory of the Lord seen between the two ox-form cherubim over the mercy-seat.

These things were not without their symbolic value, as also the fact that Mary “wrapped him in swaddling clothes”. Here, surely, wrapped in its swaddling clothes is the profound and essential truth that Jesus shared the mortal nature of those he came to save, with all its inherent weaknesses and propensities. The contrast with his resurrection, when the tokens of mortality were left behind in the tomb is very pointed (Jn. 20:6). By contrast (Jn. 11:44), when Lazarus rose to a new life of mortality, “he that was dead came forth bound hand and foot with grave clothes.” If Luke did not intend some meaning of this kind in his account of the Lord’s birth, it is difficult to see why he chose to include such details, when so many others of much greater human interest are omitted. “Thick darkness was the swaddling band” of the old creation (Job 38:9), and now the darkness of our human nature was the swaddling band of the New Creation.

The manifestation of rejoicing angels to the shepherds in the fields nearby is a lovely assertion at the very beginning of the story of redemption that the grace of God in Christ is for the meek of the earth. Jacob, Moses and David were all of them shepherds, and these humble men of Bethlehem were heirs to their faith and godliness. Human pomp and circumstance are cut down to size by the choice of these untutored shepherds to be the first to hear the good news of the Lamb of God: “Unto you is born this day…”

Angelic Announcement

At first only one angel was visible to them, and he accompanied by a manifestation of the resplendent Glory of God, a glory such as men may not behold without a deep awestruck misgiving of their own ability to survive such a presence of heavenly majesty. “They were sore afraid”-literally, “they feared a great fear.” But this was no time for fear, only for rejoicing, for the angel brought good tidings-good tidings of great joy.

The birth of a child into any family is an occasion of gladness. In all human experience, from youth to crabbed age, is there any more unanimous sentiment? But the birth of this child, more than any, meant joy and gladness past describing for all who belong to his family. The angel bade them: “Cease your fear of me”, for was he not bringing them goods news for “all

the people”—that is, for all Israel, for all who are the true Israel of God.

Foretold in Scripture

The message was explicit: Messiah is born this night in the city of David. The very circumstances must have brought to the minds of these godly men a Scripture they longed to see fulfilled: “The glory of the Lord shall be revealed … O thou that tellest good tidings to Jerusalem, lift up thy voice with strength; lift it up, be not afraid; say unto the cities of luda. Behold your God… He shall feed his flock like a shepherd” (Is40:5,9,11).

Also appropriately, the angel gave the good news in terms of another Messianic prophecy which these unlearned and ignorant shepherds must have been familiar with: “The people that walked in darkness have seen a great lignt… Thou hast increased their joy… Unto us a child is born … upon the throne of David…” (Is. 9:2,3,6)-all these phrases have their counterpart in the angel vision and message.

In those days all Israel looked and prayed for the fulfilment of Isaiah’s sublime prophecies of Messiah. The angel declared that the one who should achieve these things was born that night in Bethlehem. Today Judaism declares that Messiah has not been born yet. And conventional Christianity believes that he was born then but has not and will not turn the prophet’s vision into reality. But to those who believe Jesus to be the Messiah and that the prophecies will very soon find their accomplishment, the message is one of greater joy than even the shepherds could experience, for all their angelic vision. For they believed that the new-born King must grow to maturity before manifesting himself to Israel, but the believer today knows that the signs are ripening faster than that.

“A Sign unto you”

Gabriel had appointed signs for Zacharias, for Elisabeth, for Mary (and for Joseph?). Now he gave a sign to the shepherds also: “Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger.” The sign was the babe himself, and the remarkable circumstances of his birth (cp. ls. 7:14). Similarly in days to come the sign of the Son of man in heaven is to be the Son of man himself (Mt. 24:30). In those days in Bethlehem and its locality there must have been quite a number of mangers for the foddering of animals. These words of the angel seem to imply a manger in the sheepfold used by these shepherds to whom he spoke. They would have little difficulty in going straight to the place, to wonder and adore.

All Heaven Rejoices

But before they could bestir themselves, there came a yet greater manifestation of heavenly joy and glory. All at once a veil was taken away (cp. 2 Kgs. 6:17), and they beheld the great multitude of angels (who had been there all the time) rejoicing and praising God (Ps. 148:2). Beyond the powers of any temple choir (1 Chr. 15:16 ff) they celebrated the glory of the Almighty. “In the highest, glory to God; on earth peace, (His) goodwill among men.” By far the most important Biblical idea behind the word “peace” is not absence of war between nations or of strife between individuals, but “peace with God”- “The Lord lift up the light of His countenance upon thee, and give thee peace.” And “goodwill” looks back to the Hebrew ratzah, ratzbn so very often associated with acceptable sacrifice. Thus “goodwill toward men” means reconciliation through the greatest of all Days of Atonement. The alternative textual reading: “to men of goodwill”, means the same thing: “peace to men who know themselves reconciled to God through Jesus”.

Well might there be angels’ gladness. This was heaven’s D-day, and ten thousand times ten thousand rejoiced, as at the Lord’s resurrection (Lk 24:52; Mt 28:8) and his ascension (Rev. 5:11,12). Their joy and excitement was not to be restrained. And the fields of Bethlehem echoed with the sound of it. That day the Corner-stone of the New Creation was laid, so the Morning Stars sang together, and all the Sons of God shouted for joy (Job 38:7).

Shepherds rejoice also

It was in no spirit of disbelief that the shepherds talked with great eagerness (Gk.) among themselves. These who had been “keeping careful watch” (a strong Hebraism) over their sheep were now ready enough to leave their ninety and nine in order to find for themselves the Lamb of God (v.8,15,17). There is fair evidence (Edersheim) that sheep for temple sacrifices were kept in the vicinity of Bethlehem, so there may be special symbolism in this! All were eager to go (Ps. 132:;6,7). The true text: “the shepherds also said…” seems to imply: ‘The angels have been to Bethlehem to behold. Have they not not told us’ of a manger and swaddling bands? We too must go.’ Nor did they say: ‘To see if this thing has come to pass’, but: “to see this thing which is come to pass.” They had implicit faith in the message.

There was no question of leaving even one of their number to safeguard the flocks, for that night the sheep had guardian angels.

Together the men made haste through the darkness back to their sheepfold. And-God be praised! — it was even as they had been told. On the hay which they themselves used for sleeping rested Mary, tired with travel and travail. And in the manger lay a baby. It has been very truly observed that in every age it is shepherds who watch their flock by night as well as by day who also see the Glory of the Lord and know the help of angels and enter into the presence of Christ.

He looked like any other new-born baby. But the sign was complete: a new-born child, a boy, a firstborn, wrapped in swaddling clothes (for Mary had travelled knowing there would be need of these), the manger for his crib; and on enquiry the family proved to be of the house of David. So they too praised God, and with restrained eagerness told the story of their experience out in the open fields.

Mary, for all her fatigue, heard their tale with quickened attention and gladness. Along with all the other awe-inspiring happenings associated with the birth of her son, these also-especially the message of the angel and the song of the heavenly host-were stored away in her memory and many a time pondered during the years which followed. There was little these rough shepherds could do to help this travel-tired family in their crude bivouac, so they considerately withdrew-and not unwillingly, for what a story they had to tell! During the next few hours they did their utmost to match the glad praise of the angelic choir with their own and to tell to everybody with as much conviction and rejoicing the good tidings that Messiah, the Son of David, was born in Bethlehem. The common version fails completely to bring out how this account of our Lord’s birth is dominated by the angel’s “good tidings of great joy”:

v.15: This saying which is come to pass.

v.17: They made known the saying which was spoken to them.

v.18: Those things which were spoken to them by the shepherds.

v.19: Mary kept all these sayings.

v.20: …as it was spoken unto them.

Notes: Luke 2:1-20

5.	Espoused. RV: betrothed; s.w. Dt. 22: 23, a passage which dominates the meaning of Jn. 8: 1-11.
7.	Her son, the Firstborn. Ps.89: 27;Col. 1: 20.
	The inn; s.w. 22: 11. Cp. Jer. 41: 17—the same place, probably.
	No room. Symbolic of what Jn. 1: 11 says explicitly.
8.	Abiding in the fields, until mid-October, says the Targum.
13.	The heavenly host. Other instructive allusions: Gen. 28: 12; 32: 1,2. In praise: Ps. 103: 20,21; 148: 2. In judgement: Ex. 12: 23; Dan. 7: 10. In protection: Mt. 26: 53; 24: 31.
15.	Even unto Bethlehem. Gk: de is both emotional and imperative. ‘Come! we’ve got to go to Bethlehem’ perhaps conveys the idea.

The formal naming of the baby Jesus took place at the time of his circumcision on the eighth day (Lk. 2:21). Until that time Mary probably called him her Immanuel. But now “his name also was called Jesus” (v.21; Gk text). It would not have been amiss, in a way, if the baby’s name had been Joseph, “after the name of his ‘father’”, for what more complete type of the Messiah is to be found in the Old Testament? Yet, in another way, this would have been anything but suitable, for it would have very misleadingly suggested to the world that Mary’s child was the son of her husband. The Bible mentions only four who were named by divine instruction before birth: Ishmael (a type of unbelieving Jewry; Jn. 8:33-42), Isaac (a type of Christ), John the Baptist, and Jesus.

This circumcision-performed, most likely, by Zacharias at his home-declared Jesus a son of Abraham: “This is my covenant, which ye shall keep, between me and you and thy seed after thee; every male child among you shall be circumcised” (Gen. 17:10). Mede’s seventeenth century comment on this is worth quoting: “In circumcision was signified the taking away of the superfluity of sin in and through him who was yet in the loins of his ancestors. Hence Galatians 5:2: ‘If ye be circumcised, Christ shall profit you nothing’. Why? Because he that received circumcision did as much as affirm that Christ is not yet come.” And of course this was still true when Jesus was circumcised, for until his resurrection the full truth of the Lord’s work of redemption was not evident to men. But in his eighth day “thus early did he suffer pain for our sakes”(Farrar).

From this eighth day and for the rest of his days it was testified to Jesus that “every man that is circumcised … is a debtor to do the whole law” (Gal. 5:3); and this Jesus did. Thus, “made of a woman, made under the law, he redeemed them that were under the law”, that any man bearing the mark of the law might “receive the adoption of sons” (Gal. 4:4,5).

Son of man

This circumcision also declared that this child of Mary, although of such a holy birth, nevertheless shared the nature of all other sons of Abraham. Any doctrine, which makes Jesus of a more pure, higher nature by birth than other men, makes this rite, applied to him, meaningless, and the record of it sadly misleading.

The same is true regarding Mary’s purification, which duly took place, according to the law of Leviticus 12, in the temple court at Jerusalem (v.22). Indeed, according to the overwhelming evidence of the manuscripts, this is specially underlined by Luke’s phrase: “the days of their purification” (RV). Here was Moses’ unflagging reminder of the “taint” about all human nature, inherited by Mary and shared by Jesus. Yet Rome talks about the “immaculate conception” of Mary, and all Christendom makes Jesus different in his essential nature from those to whom he brings redemption.

Mary’s time of uncleanness lasted for forty days, during which time she was not to go out of doors. But it is difficult to believe that she spent all that time where her baby was born. Presumably, as soon as possible, she and Joseph travelled to the home of Zacharias and Elisabeth, and spent the time there.

High Priest designate

Rather remarkably, when Luke purports to quote what is “written in the law of the Lord” about this (2:23), he includes a phrase: “shall be called holy to the Lord”, which is not found in any of the places where the Law speaks of the consecration of the firstborn. Yet this is an expression repeatedly used about the high-priest: Lev. 21:6-8; Ex. 28:36,38. Thus Luke hints at the truth which the gospel was to disclose, that through this child, later to become God’s High Priest, is a means of cleansing and redemption from all the defilement which is human nature.

Since the days of Moses the service of Levites was accepted in lieu of the firstborn (Num. 3:12,13). But since Golgotha, Levites can only find acceptance because of the Firstborn and the way in which he was (so very differently!) “brought to Jerusalem to be presented before the Lord.”

The kind of sacrifice made on Mary’s behalf tells much about this family into which Jesus was born. The offering of “a pair of (migrant) turtle doves, or two young pigeons” was the concession which the Law made to extreme poverty, where the restricted means of the family simply did not allow of the more usual offering of a lamb and a pigeon (Lev. 12:6).

Persons as devout as Mary and Joseph would obviously have brought the better offering, had they been able. So it may be safely assumed that the home in which Jesus grew up knew nothing of wealth, nor even of moderate middle-class respectability, but only a constant wearying struggle against poverty.

When Jesus was “presented unto the Lord”, would the standard redemption payment of five shekels (Num. 18:16; twenty days’ wages:Mt 20:2) be insisted on in the case of people so poor? Ginsberg is surely in error when he says that the payment was thirty shekels.

Simeon

In the temple court they were met by a venerable old man who seemed to be awaiting them. This pious witness to the Truth of God lived only in the hope of seeing the realisation of the glorious promises of God to His chosen people. He “waited for the consolation of Israel.”

One suggestion (lacking complete proof) asserts that he was not only of the line of David (and therefore related to Joseph and Mary) but also son of the famous Rabbi Hillel and the father of the Gamaliel who made such a clever tongue-in-cheek defence of the apostles when the wrath of the chief priests had been stirred up against them (Acts 5:34-40). Yet that Simeon is known to have been President of the Sanhedrin in A.D. 7, some twelve years or so later. So the usual assumption of great age at this time would have to be discarded. His prayer: “Now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace …”, was probably a conscious imitation of Jacob’s when he again set eyes on Joseph (Gen. 46:30) -and that patriarch lived another seventeen years after that (47:28). It is rather remarkable that there is no mention of Simeon-ben-Hillel in the Mishna. Could that be because he is mentioned in Luke’s gospel?

If this identification is correct, then Simeon probably lived to be amazed by the remarkable promise of the boy Jesus in the temple just after his bar-mitzvah.

To this devout Simeon a divine revelation (s.w. Mt 2:12) had been given that he would live to see the Messiah. The divine constraint brought him in expectation into the temple court at this very time, so that he knew for certain that God’s purpose specially concerned the humble family presenting their offerings.

The Consolation of Israel

With bright-eyed gladness he took the child from his mother, and broke into a hymn of praise and thanksgiving: “Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy word: for mine eyes have seen thy salvation, which thou hast prepared before the face of all the peoples (i .e. the tribes of I srael)” (2:29-31).

Old Testament Expectations

This was not only the rejoicing of aged Jacob, but also, by the eye of faith, the fulfilment of a prophetic psalm (Isaiah’s?) which foretold the grand accomplishment of all that God had promised to the Fathers: “The Lord hath made known his salvation … he hath remembered his mercy and his truth (i.e. his Covenants of Promise) towards the house of Israel: all the ends of the earth have seen the salvation of our God” (Ps. 98:2,3).

Only profound insight into the purpose of God, harnessed by direct inspiration of the Holy Spirit, could have led Simeon to associate the tiny baby in his arms with the fulness of God’s redemption: “A light to lighten the Gentiles, and the glory of thy people Israel.” The order of the phrases here is to be noted-first, the enlightenment of the Gentiles, after that the manifestation of God’s Shekinah Glory in Israel. The literal expression used by Simeon, “the unveiling of the nations”, may have been used with direct allusion to “the veil that is spread over all nations”, the removal of which Isaiah foretold, when “death is swallowed up in victory” (25:8). Or it may imply the unveiling of God’s hidden purpose (mystery) that Gentiles should share with Israel the salvation He provides.

There are also remarkable contacts, both verbally and in idea, with other fine passages in Isaiah. Every phrase in Isaiah 52:7-9 seems to have special relevance:

	Isaiah 52		Luke 2
7.	Thy God is king	26.	The Lord’s Christ
8.	Thy watchmen lift up the voice		The waiting Simeon –
		28.	blessed God.
	They shall see eye to eye	30.	Mine eyes have seen thy salvation.
9.	Break forth into joy, sing together		Simeon and Anna rejoicing together.
	The Lord hath comforted his people.	25.	The consolation (comfort) of Israel.
	He hath redeemed Jerusalem	38.	The redemption of Jerusalem.
10.	. . .in the eyes of all nations	31.	… before the face of all people
	. . .shall see the salvation.	30.	For mine eyes have seen thy salvation.

A careful reading of Isaiah 49, with the aged Simeon and Anna in mind, reveals many verbal resemblances and similarities in idea:

v. 1	“Listen, O isles” (shimu; Simeon = one who hears)
v. 1	“From the bowels of my mother hath he made mention of my name”.
v. 2	“My mouth like a sharp sword” (A sword shall pierce through thine own soul).
v. 6	“A light to the Gentiles”.
v. 6	“To raise up the tribes of Jacob” (the rising again of many in Israel).
v. 7	“The Redeemer of Israel” (looked for in Jerusalem)
v. 8	“In a day of salvation have I helped thee” (Mine eyes have seen thy salvation)
v. 9	“Say to the prisoners, Go forth” (Now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace)
v.13	“The Lord hath comforted his people” (The consolation of Israel).
v.15	“Can a woman forget her sucking child?” (His mother kept all these sayings in her heart)
v.21	“Then shalt thou say in thine heart” (That the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed)
v.21	“I have lost my children and am desolate” (A widow of about four score and four years)
v.22	“They bring thy sons in their arms”.
v.22	“My standard (LXX: sussemon) for the people” (A sign -seme/on -that shall be spoken against)
v.23	“They shall not be ashamed that wait for me.”
v.25	“The prey of the terrible shall be delivered. . .I will save thy children” (Herod’s attempt on the life of Jesus).

Note also the references to babies (v.1,15,20-23;) and “preserve thee” (v.8 Heb. nazar; cp. Nazareth).

It is easy now to understand why Simeon ejaculated: “Now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy spoken word.” He was alluding to the spoken word through the prophet (Is. 49:1).

Also, it was surely with reference to the Immanuel prophecy in Isaiah 7:14 and his own belief in the Virgin Birth that Simeon declared: “Behold, this child is set for the fall and rising again of many in Israel; and for a sign that shall be spoken against.” Yet how very apt these words are! Just as faithless Ahaz rejected the sign in his day, so also the nation of Israel with Jesus. It was only in mockery that they sought “a sign from heaven”, Instead they were given one out of “the depth”-the sign of the prophet Jonah. And through him-the baby now in Simeon’s arms-there will yet come a sharp discrimination between ‘those who “fall” (the Greek word suggests a corpse) and those who “rise again” (this is the usual word for resurrection).

It called for faith, truly, to believe that men’s attitude to this tiny infant was one day to settle the eternal destiny of every individual. “For judgment he was come into this world”-”that the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed” (cp. Mat. 3:2).

Mary’s Great Test

Even his own mother was to be no exception to this searching test: “Yea, a sword shall pierce through thine own soul also.” The word “also” is important here, for it implies a sword in the soul of Jesus as well. This came to pass in a literal fashion in the piercing of his side on the cross. Figuratively its effect is to be seen in the tremendous spiritual tension which built up in Jesus as the end drew near: “Now is my soul troubled; and what shall I say? shall I say, Father, save me from this hour? but for this cause came I unto this hour.”

Mary too, in lesser degree, must face the same test. It is customary to seek the fulfilment of Simeon’s prophecy regarding her in the pangs of wretchedness and helpless sorrow which assailed her soul as she stood with the other women at the foot of the cross, sharing with her firstborn all the agonies of crucifixion.

This is appropriate enough. But there was another occasion when a much worse misery overwhelmed her. Mark 3:21 tells how the family of Jesus “sought to lay hold on him” because they were convinced that he was “beside himself.” Evidently Mary allowed herself to be overborne by this ghastly misjudgement: “Then came his brethren and his mother, and, standing without, sent unto him, calling him” (v.31). They wished to take him home and keep him under restraint. It is only this which can explain the brusque reply of Jesus: “Who is my mother, or my brethren? And he looked round about on them which sat about him, and said, Behold my mother and my brethren.”

Could there possibly have been any more bitter moment in the life of Mary than this when she was publicly thrust away by the son whose every word and slightest action had been the centre of all her waking thoughts for the past thirty years? Truly, on that day a sword pierced her soul as at no other time. Happily faith came again (one wonders just how? was John the one responsible for coaxing her back to faith in her son as Lord and Christ?), and she was with him at the end, sorrowing but now believing.

Anna

The little group consisting of Simeon, Joseph, and Mary with the baby in her arms were doubtless the centre of much attention in the temple court. But interest grew all the more when they were joined by the aged Anna, a well-known figure to multitudes, for she had lived a life of consecrated service and piety in the temple for about sixty years, so that without seeking it she had acquired a national reputation as an outstanding member of the minority in Israel who not only wished for but also devoutly prayed for the early redemption of the nation from its spiritual and political bondage. Paul refers to her as the outstanding example of one who is “a widow indeed … making prayers night and day” (1 Tim. 5:5).

Amongst the numerous throng in the temple court those who especially looked for the redemption of Jerusalem gathered round Anna as she continued the fervent praise and thanksgiving which had just been heard from the lips of Simeon.

The description of Anna as a prophetess may mean that she was a singer in the temple choir and not one who regularly gave utterance to inspired messages from God. Otherwise it is difficult to understand why none of her prophecies have been preserved. On the other hand there is evidence that the praising of God in psalms and hymns was also spoken of as prophecy (see Notes). Luke’s record about Anna seems to imply the same idea here, for after her “giving thanks unto the Lord” (2:38), she “spake of him to all them that looked for the redemption of Jerusalem.” If this suggestion is correct, it may readily be imagined what a sensation there would be in the temple area when this fine old lady lifted up her voice in an ecstatic melodious psalm of praise. Well might Luke take care to mention that Anna belonged to the tribe of Asher, for Asher means “happy”, and Anna is the only member of that tribe to make any contribution to Bible history.

Phanuel – Peniel

Yet there is so much similarity between the characters and forward-looking spirituality of Simeon and Anna that one is left wondering why the account of both is included. Does the explanation lie in the significant detail that she was the daughter of Phanuel? This is probably the New Testament form of Peniel, the place where Jacob wrestled with the angel through the night and till the morning, ultimately overcoming through his wrestling in prayer: “(, will not let thee go, except thou bless me … I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved” (Gen. 32:26,30).

Luke hints at Anna’s recapitulation of Jacob’s experiences-her “supplication night and day”; and beholding the baby Jesus she saw God face to face and by that very encounter knew her life to be preserved.

Joseph and Mary were already sufficiently conscious of the high responsibility committed to them in the care of the Son of God, but these experiences in the temple court must have sent them away in awe and wonder that they should have been chosen for such privileges as to make them almost objects of envy by people of the spiritual calibre of Simeon and Anna. Although they were the meek of the earth, their status in the sight of heaven could hardly be higher.

Notes: Luke 2:21-39

24.	Said In the law. “Said “, because of Lev. 12:1.
	Turtle doves or young pigeons. But why in Gen. 15: 9 one of each?
25.	Waiting for the consolation of Israel. See also v.38; 3: 15; 24: 21; Mk. 15: 43; Is. 52: 9; 62: 6,7. In 8 NT passages out of 14, “wait for” refers to the kingdom.
	Behold is Mt.’s characteristic interjection.
29.	Lord. Gk. despotes. In LXX, 6 times in Dan. 9, the prophecy of Messiah the Prince.
	According to thy word. Gk: spoken word—through Anna the prophetess?
31.	Prepared before the face of all people should perhaps be read as meaning: ‘according to the prayers of all the people of Israel’.
34.	Unto Mary. Observe how Joseph is ignored here.
	Fall and rising again. The “and” here may imply Israel’s fall, through rejecting Christ, followed at length by their repentance and acceptance of him, after the pattern of Joseph and his brethren; cp. Is. 8: 13-15,18.
36.	Prophetess. Praise of God is sometimes called prophesying: 1 Chr.15: 1; Ex.15: 20; Joel 2: 28; Acts 21: 9; 1 Cor. 11: 4.
37.	Fastings and prayers. Rather remarkably, at Ex.38: 8 the Targum has “fastings” and LXX has “prayers”.
38.	Redemption. The word means “atonement”.

Why does the story of Gentile wise men honouring Jesus come in Matthew, the most Jewish gospel, when it would seem to be so much more appropriate to the theme of Luke’s gospel? The answer is:

Matthew wrote with his eye on one of the most tricky problems the early church had to face—how to fuse into one the two very different communities of Jewish and Gentile believers. So of course he had to include this superb episode. How better could he commend Gentiles to Jews than by a story such as this?

That they were Gentiles is evident from their ignorance of the Micah prophecy (v.5,6) which all Jewry knew (Jn. 7:42). It is also implied by their use of the expression: “King of the Jews”, for every New Testament occurrence of this phrase comes from a Gentile.

Errors Galore

Probably no part of the Bible narrative is so cluttered up with popular misconceptions as this is. These Magi are represented as being kings, but Matthew does not say so. They are supposed to be three in number, presumably because they presented three gifts, but again Matthew does not say three. Certain of the early fathers guessed that there were twelve of them, but that seems less likely.

They are commonly thought of as following the star all the way from their distant home, as it led them through deserts and forests, over mountains and across rivers. Yet Matthew’s record distinctly says that they saw the star in the east, and again after they left Herod. There is no hint of its continual guidance throughout their journey. Nor was the “star” either star or planet in the normal astronomical sense of the term. Nor is it likely that it guided them to Bethlehem; Mary and Joseph had surely left Bethlehem long before this, for at the time of their coming Jesus was no longer in his cradle but an active young toddler. In any case, would the wise men need a special heavenly guidance to show them the road to Bethlehem?

An Error Corrected

It may be well to settle this last point first, and the rest can be sorted out as examination of the narrative proceeds.

The very fact that dastardly Herod appointed that all the babies under the age of two should be butchered, “according to the time that he had diligently enquired of the wise men” (Mt. 2:16)-this, by itself, is sufficient indication that the Christmas-card pictures of the wise men worshipping the new-born baby, side by side with the shepherds, are sadly in error. Also the record says plainly (v. 11) that the family was in a house, not in a cave or stable or inn. Also, the word used by Matthew here means “a young child, a little boy” by contrast with Luke’s expression (2:12) meaning “a babe in arms”. Lastly, there is the undeniable fact of the sharp poverty of Mary and Joseph, witnessed by their offering for Mary’s cleansing-forty days after Jesus was born-two young pigeons, a special concession to the poorest of the people. Yet nothing is more certain than this, that if such devout people had been able to offer a lamb, they would have done so. It may be inferred, therefore, that the precious gifts including gold, out of the wise men’s “treasures” were not in their possession at this time. Also, after the visit of the wise men would it not be too dangerous for Joseph and Mary to appear in Jerusalem?

From Babylon?

Where did these wise men come from? And how did they know that the appearance of the star signified the birth of a King of the Jews? Answers to these questions are necessarily guess-work.

The most plausible suggestion is that they came from Babylon. In the Old Testament this term Magi is associated with Babylon’ (e.g. Jeremiah 39:3,13). It would be a very natural thing for Daniel’s seventy weeks prophecy about Messiah the Prince to be passed on to succeeding generations there (note Dan. 5:11). That period of 490 years was now drawing to its close, as many students of the Scriptures must have known. If, also, that prophecy had come to be associated with another about “a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre out of Israel” (Num. 24:17), there would be here adequate basis for the conviction in these men that the Jews’ Messianic expectations were soon to be fulfilled. The appearance of an altogether unusual celestial phenomenon-the Chaldeans, let it be remembered, were excellent astronomers -would convince them that the time was at hand. There may be a hint of their dependence on Messianic prophecies in the Greek expression for “the east”. The LXX uses the same word to describe Messiah the Branch (Zech. 3:8; 6:12; Jer. 23:5; cp. Lk. 1:78 mg).

The “Star”

So they came to Jerusalem, seeking the King, and perhaps somewhat mystified that the entire nation was not in a state of excitement over the appearance of Messiah’s star. But, of course, it was not a star at all. A good deal of guesswork and a tremendous amount of futile mathematical computation has gone into attempts to establish that this star was a brilliant nova, or the planet Venus, or the conjunction of two, or maybe three, major planets. All such approaches fall down badly over one simple fact: the star “came and stood over where the young child was”. In other words, it guided the wise men to the very spot. But if at the same moment two people ten miles apart both attempt to identify the star which is immediately overhead, they will both pick the same star-this because of the fantastically great distances between the stars and the earth, compared with their negligibly small base line. This consideration by itself dictates the conclusion that, whatever the star was, it hung comparatively low down in the sky, say, as low as the flight of a helicopter-this, at least. Thus all astronomy is ruled out.

The best alternative suggestion is that it was another manifestation of the Shekinah Glory, which had already appeared, more proximately, to the shepherds in the fields of Bethlehem. Here was a primary fulfilment of the Messianic prophecy in Isaiah 60: “Arise, shine, for thy light is come, and the glory of the Lord is risen upon thee … the Lord shall arise upon thee, and his glory shall be seen upon thee. And the Gentiles shall come to thy light, and fangs to the brightness of thy rising (the word for “east” in Matthew 2 also means “rising”)… they shall bring gold and frankincense, and they shall shew forth the praises of the Lord” (60:1-3,6). This prophecy hints at “myrrh” also, for the Hebrew text of the last phrase sounds like: “his drinking of myrrh shall shew the Lord” although the AV translation is correct. Here, in Isaiah 60, was evidently the Scripture, known to the wise men, which dictated their journey.

If the star of the wise men were the Shekinah Glory (see further note on v.7), it becomes easy to see why there was no excitement in the rest of the populace and no attempt by others to follow the star as the wise men did. On an earlier noteworthy occasion the Glory of the Lord was “a cloud and darkness” to the Egyptians, but “it gave light by night” to Israel (Ex. 14:20).

The same kind of thing could well have happened in Judaea.

Herod the Monster

Herod the Great-”great in energy, in magnificence, and in wickedness”-was much disturbed at the news of the birth of another King of the Jews, and he decided immediately on drastic precautionary measures. This was characteristic of the man, for he was one of the most evil and cruel men who ever lived. He had not always been like this, but in his old age at the slightest breath of suspicion he thought nothing of having even faithful servants and close relatives tortured or butchered. To live anywhere near Herod the Great was to live in peril. And now he was set on the speedy elimination of this latest threat to the security of his throne, trivial though it might seem. For these reasons “all Jerusalem was troubled with him”. The people were immediately fearful about Herod’s reactions to the news. Another holocaust?

His first problem was to find the new-born King. Since the wise men did not know, Herod could only turn to the priests and scribes for their interpretation of the ancient prophecise. The mentality of the man is not easy to understand. Apparently he fully believed that a Messiah had been foretold and that all the details written concerning him would be accurately fulfilled. Yet at the same time he did not appear to doubt his own ability to destroy this divine child before ever the prophecies of his royalty could be fulfilled. Even if the control of heaven should be demonstrated by prophecies of Messiah’s birth being fulfilled to the letter, he-Herod the Great-would see to it that divine omnipotence should not accomplish the rest. “Herod, what aileth thee?” In any case, what difference would it make to Herod if there were a new King of the Jews in a Bethlehem cradle, for Herod, now seventy and rotten with disease, would be dead and gone long before he came to maturity!

The learned men called together by Herod can hardly have been a full assembly of the Sanhedrin, for the king had lately had most of them slaughtered for their refusal to pronounce that Deuteronomy 17:15 did not invalidate his kingship. Regarding this present enquiry the rabbinic scholars were quite definite and emphatic in their opinions: The King of the Jews is to be born in Bethlehem; and, lest there by any doubt about it, (for there was another Bethlehem away north in Zebulun; Josh 19:15), this was to be Bethlehem in Judah, so Micah’s prophecy (5:2) declared explicitly. Of course, the royal Son of David must be born in the city of David.

The Micah quotation, as repeated in Matthew 2:6, is not without its problems:

• Does the Micah context really have anything to do with the birth of Christ? It was written primarily with reference to Hezekiah and his times, but once that fine man is seen as a remarkably detailed type of Christ (“Hezekiah the Great”, by H.A.W.), this difficulty shrinks considerably.
• Why the omission of “Ephratah” (= fruitful)? Its inclusion would surely have been very appropriate?
• “Little among the thousands of Judah” becomes “not least among the princes.” Here is an example of the word for “thousand” being used (by metonymy) for “captain or leader of a thousand or maybe of a family or squad of men” (see Wenham: “The Big Numbers of the Old Testament”). David, it is to be remembered, was the youngest of the sons of Jesse. Was the negative included in the quote to fend off Herod’s scorn? Or to imply that Bethlehem was upgraded by the birth of Messiah?- no longer the least!
• The Hebrew text has “come forth unto me (Jehovah),” implying that Messiah would be Son of God. It is Micah’s counterpart (along with 4: 9,10) to Isaiah’s prophecy of the virgin birth (7: 14).
• “that shall rule (more correctly: shepherd) my people Israel” is a quotation added from 2 Samuel 5:2. It was appropriate enough as a prophecy of the ministry of Jesus, yet to come, and even more of his benign kingdom.

Why were these men of rabbinic scholarship ready to give Herod such precise information? They knew him well enough, and must have realised the purpose of his enquiries. Evidently they were reluctant to talk, for Herod “kept on demanding” (v.4 Gk.) where Messiah’s birthplace might be.

Is it not remarkable that these religious leaders did not betake themselves to Bethlehem as fast as they could go, to greet their new King? Too great a fear of Herod? But perhaps they did go-and failed in their search.

Very probably, also, as commentary on the wise men’s story of the appearance of an unusual star, one of those Bible scholars quoted another prophecy: “There shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab . . . and Edom shall be a possession …” (Num. 24:17,18). Herod was an Edomite, so knowledge of such a prophecy would alarm him all the more and strengthen his resolution to thwart its accomplishment.

Guided – whither?

So, feigning a godly zeal to match that of the wise men, he asked the specific time of the star’s appearing (as though intent on some astrological divination), and he bade them share with him the secret of their discovery when they should return from Bethlehem. Eagerly they set out once again, confident that their search would soon be ended, “Herod … secretly smiling at their diligent devotion, whilst God in heaven laughed at his dissimulation”-so blithely comments Tom Fuller (17th century).

It is only a few miles along a well-travelled road, from Jerusalem to Bethlehem. No guidance whatever was needed. Yet, no sooner were they away from Herod’s palace than they saw the “star” again. The only possible inference is that at this time Jesus was no longer in Bethlehem, and these wise men had to be steered in a completely different direction. Whither? To Hebron? or north to Nazareth?

Worship and Offerings

The Greek text is beautifully emphatic in its description of the gladness of the wise men when they saw the “star” once again: “they rejoiced a great joy exceedingly”. By the aid of the “star” they were guided continuously and unerringly to the very house where Jesus was to be found. Here, rejoicing more than ever, they prostrated themselves before the holy child. It was a different kind of worship from that which regularly goes on in many a family as it takes delight in the winsome ways of its baby. By this time Jesus was probably talking. One wonders what he attempted to say to these impressive visitors.

The Magi laid before him gifts which they had brought. It is usually assumed that these had been decided upon and carefully prepared before they left their homes in the east. But the form of the text-”when they had opened their treasures”-rather suggests that they chose out from the variety of valuable commodities they carried with them those which they deemed to be most suitable—gold, frankincense and myrrh.

It is probably a mistake to seek a separate meaning behind these three gifts. The significance of the three is one and the same, for gold, frankincense and myrrh are all associated with the High Priest-he had on his forehead a golden plate: Holy to the Lord (Ex. 28:36), and in the sanctuary he carried a golden censer where incense burned, frankincense being the main ingredient (Ex. 30:34); also, his high priesthood began with his anointing with the holy oil in which myrrh was an essential element (Ex. 30:23). If this is correct, then, with extraordinary insight, these Gentile worshippers thus made glad acknowledgment that this new King of the Jews was also to be a “priest offer the order of Melchizedek” (Ps. 110:4).

Flight

Herod’s evil intentions, whether or not they were read by the wise men, were bound to be frustrated, for it was written concerning this baby Messiah: “He shall give his angels charge concerning thee, and in their hands they shall bear thee up… surely he shall deliver thee from the snare of the fowler” (Ps. 91:11,3). However, when these godly men were ready to depart, they prayed to heaven for guidance (so the Greek of v.12 seems to imply), and were bidden ignore Herod and return home without delay. In the LXX version the word translated “they departed” almost always has the idea of flight. In modern slang, “they cleared out”. The same word comes again in verses 13,14,22, with the same idea inherent in it.

It was not sufficient to have frustrated Herod in his immediate design. So warped was the mind of this crafty beastly old man that for Joseph and his family to stay in the country was now quite out of question. Sooner or later Herod’s gestapo would track them down. So another dream bade them flee to Egypt for safety.

It is interesting here to observe how Mary and her little Jesus quite dominate the story, although in its action they are quite passive: “the young child and his mother”-never once “your wife and child”! The phrase recurs five times. Doubtless safety could have been achieved by other means. A legion of angels could have been permanently encamped round the home of these for whom the God of heaven had special love and regard. But this is not His way. As nearly as possible the Son of God was to face life as son of man, and this from his earliest days.

So there was flight into Egypt, in order that before long God might call His Son out of Egypt, as He had called Israel out of Egypt in ancient days. Not a few, including some who should know better, find difficulty in Matthew’s quotation from Hosea 11:1. The passage, they assert, certainly refers to Israel’s deliverance in the time of Moses, and equally certainly has nothing to do with Joseph and his precious charges seeking refuge in Egypt. Such an outlook lacks insight into the subtlety of Bible prophecy. Do men, and especially those who profess a good understanding of the gospel, have to deem their own human standard of judgement more dependable than that of inspired prophets and evangelists?

Another prophecy of similar character, which Matthew might well have quoted is Psalm 80: “Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt: thou hast cast out the Gentiles (the death of Herod!), and planted it (the Branch) . . . the vineyard which thy right hand hath planted, and the Branch that thou modest strong for thyself… Let thy hand be upon the Man of thy right hand, upon the Son of man, whom thou modest strong for thyself” (v.8,15,17).

Israel was a vine which God discarded (Ez.l5:6). Instead, there was Jesus the True Vine (Jn.l5: 1).

He was the beginning of a New Israel, and from time to time the gospels are found hinting at or openly asserting a parallel with the experiences of ancient Israel, first in the life of Jesus and later (in the rest of the New Testament) in the life of the early church. Once this feature is recognized, is there any serious difficulty in Matthew’s quotation from Hosea?

Herod makes sure

Herod, that personification of human pride and cruelty, was robbed of the prey he sought. Within thirty-six hours no trace was to be found of either wise men or Messiah’s family.

It soon dawned on the king that the seekers from the east had let him down; in fact, as he saw it, they had “played tricks with him, made a fool of him” (Gk). This king of the earth had taken counsel against the Lord and against His anointed, but the Lord had him in derision. So other drastic and more comprehensive plans became necessary. The king’s only clue was that supplied by the chief priests-Bethlehem. From what the wise men had said it was a year or more since the strange sign of the Son of Man had been seen in the sky. So, allowing a good margin for error, Herod resolved that every boy in Bethlehem up to the age of two should die. And not only in Bethlehem but in the countryside round it. Had Herod heard the story of the shepherds? What did he care if it meant the fiendish slaughter of (at most) a couple of dozen harmless little boys? Was he not king, to do as he pleased? And were they not mere Jews? Thus, once again, Esau persecuted Jacob. It had happened in former days (Gen. 27:41; 1 Sam. 21:7). The next generation was to continue the tradition (Mk. 6:17; Lk. 13:31; 23:11; Acts 12:7); and the twentieth century is to see it enacted once again, more vilely than ever (Obad. 9-14; Joel 3:19; Ez. 35:5,6; Ps. 83:4,6).

This evil business at Bethlehem is underlined by Matthew with another of his characteristic citations from the Old Testament, which perhaps more than any other has been written off as a palpable misapplication of Scripture. But is that really so?

“In Ramah was there a voice heard, lamentation, and weeping, great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children… “ (from Jer. 31:15). The difficulty has been made worse by an almost universal identification with the wrong Ramah. It is not the Ramah of Samuel, a few miles north-by-west of Jerusalem, but Ramath-Rachel, the burial place of Jacob’s wife, only a mile or so north of Bethlehem.

“Give me children, or else I die”, Rachel had very exaggeratedly lamented to her husband (Gen. 30:1). So God gave her children-and she died, bringing forth “a son of sorrow” who was to become “Son of God’s right hand” (35:18,19).

In Jeremiah’s day it seemed that the nation was being destroyed, but God’s man of faith was carried off to Egypt, his life being given him for a prey, until the day when God called him out of Egypt. Read thus, Matthew’s quote from Jer. 31:15 is perhaps not as freakish as it has been made out to be.

The lamentation and weeping in Bethlehem was heard through the land. But it carried further than that, for, as one writer very aptly puts it, “this was a sin crying to heaven for vengeance.” In his unique style Fuller describes it thus: “Here no pen can express the mothers’ sorrows for their children; whilst one stood amazed, as if she had lost her son and her senses together; another bleeds out sorrow in her eyes, to prevent festering in her heart; a third vents her passions in exclamations, and it gives her some ease, though she could not recall her dead child, to call him tyrant that murdered it. All their mourning going several ways, meet in one common misery.” Fuller goes on to refer to these slaughtered babies as “the infantry of the noble army of martyrs”. Yet this “was a small affair in Herod’s career . . . Incredible?

Anything is credible of the man who murdered his own wife and sons” (Exp. Gk. Test.).

No one was sorry when, a short time later (in B.C. 4 actually, by our current system of reckoning), Herod died in misery, full of diseases and vindictive to the end against everyone. The Jews made the day of his death a permanent feast day. And this was the man who had supplied all the resources for the rebuilding of their temple!

Return from Egypt

The news of his death soon reached Egypt, but it was only when encouraged by a further divine revelation that Joseph determined to return to Judaea. Evidently the intention was to settle in Bethlehem or near to Zacharias and Elisabeth, but then they heard that Augustus Caesar had divided up the country between three of Herod’s sons, and Archelaus, the worst of the whole bunch, was the new ruler of Judaea. Matthew’s word means “reign as king”. But when Archelaus went to Rome seeking confirmation of the title, Caesar demoted him to tetrarch. “It is remarkable how near the Evangelists often seem to be to an inaccuracy, while yet closer inspection shows them to be, in these very points, minutely accurate” (Farrar).

‘Better to be Herod’s pig than his son’, Augustus is reported to have said, making a pun on the two Greek words. The quip was intended as a censure on Herod. But Archelaus was no better. At his first passover he had three thousand Jews massacred in the temple, No wonder, then, that Joseph was scared of what might befall on their return. These Herods had long memories. So God made a concession to his fears. Another dream bade him keep away from Archelaus. Plans were changed, and instead Joseph and his family returned to Nazareth in the territory of Herod Antipas.

Yet another prophecy

Strictly, this precaution was hardly necessary, for had not the angel said to Joseph: “They (who else besides Herod?) are dead which sought the young child’s life”? Archelaus need not be feared. However, the diversion to Nazareth became also the means of fulfilment of another Old Testament prophecy: “He shall be called a Nazarene”-or so Matthew asserts.

But there is no known Scripture which has these words! Was Matthew alluding to an oral tradition which had never been included in the written Word? This is the solution supplied by some, putting emphasis on “that which was spoken by the prophets.” The intention cannot have been to make Jesus into a Nazirite like John the Baptist, for Jesus was not this, except in spirit.

It can be safely argued that the words quoted by Matthew were not known or understood by many, or Nazareth would not have been despised as it was. Therefore it is far more likely that the allusion is to Isaiah 11:1: “There shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a Branch shall grow out of his roots”. Nazareth means “the city of the Branch”. Evidently Matthew saw in Nazareth as the home town of Jesus the fore-shadowing of a yet greater fulfilment of that prophecy. It is rather remarkable that in September (when Jesus was born?), the sun is in the constellation of Virgo, the first of the signs of the zodiac. From very ancient times the Virgin is represented with a Branch in her hand. One of the chief stars in Virgo was called Al Zimach, i.e. Tsemach, the Branch.

But this thing was spoken by “prophets”-plural! Which prophets? The Hebrew word which makes “Nazareth” also means “preserved” (how marvellously appropriate here to one kept safe from the wrath of Herod!), and it is used in more than one prophecy regarding the Messiah (e.g. Gen. 49:26; Ps. 40:11; Is. 49:8).

So Jesus grew up in Nazareth. But the nation had already made up its mind long ago about that place: “Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?” (Jn. 1:46; cp. 1 Kgs. 9.13). Already it was settled: “There is no beauty in him that we should desire him.” As one ancient commentator puts it, “he was in some degree veiled, as it were, by the name of Nazarene, that faith might not lose its price.”

Notes: Matthew 2:1 –

1.	From the east. They use the word for “Branch”, thus hinting at O.T. prophecies known to them?: Is. 60:2; Zech 3:8; 6:12; Jer.23:5; and see on v. 23.
	To Jerusalem. Remarkably, Mt. uses the Gk. (Gentile) form of the name.
2.	Born King of the Jews. They are confident that he is born. But where? Herod is called “king of Judaea” (Lk. 1:5), but not “King of the Jews”.
	His star. Num. 24:17 was well-known. It almost certainly accounts for the name taken on by the great rebel Bar-Cochba in A.D. 132-5.
3.	He was troubled. There was an eclipse of the moon (on March 13, B.C. 4) shortly before Herod died (Jos.Ant.17.6.4). This chronological detail points fairly strongly to Sept. B.C.6. as the date of the birth of Jesus.
	And all Jerusalem with him, because of Herod’s uncontrollably suspicious mania in his last years. The use of meta here makes a neat distinction between Herod’s alarm and that of the people.
4.	Demanded. Gk. imperfect; contrast the aorist in v. 7.
	The Christ, defined by v.2. But today the churches ignore this plain meaning.
5.	Bethlehem; cp. Jn. 7:42. But in v. 27, a different opinion on Messianic prophecy.
7.	Appeared. Gk: phaino, almost invariably describes the glory of the Lord; e.g. 24:30; Mk. 16:9; Lk. 9:8; Rev. 1:16.So also nogah in ls.60: 3; cp. Ps 18:12; Is.4:5; Ez. 1:4,13,27,28; Hab.3:4.
11.	The house . . . the young child. These phrases show how gross is the common error which has the wise men worshipping Jesus in his manger. The Gk. word implies a toddler; contrast Id. 2:12: “babe”. Worshipped him, not “her” or “them”, as Catholic practice might suggest. But this is by no means the only place in Matthew where the worship of Jesus is mentioned with approval: 8:2; 9:18; 14:33; 15:25; 18:26; 20:20; 28:9,17.
	Presented, a word which normally describes the offering of sacrifice.
	Gold, frankincense, and myrrh. An alternative meaning to that already suggested: king, priest, and sacrifice (Ps. 72:15; Lev. 24:7; Jn. 19:39). There is no essential difference.
12.	Warned of God. The word might suggest an answer to the prayer of men made suspicious and uneasy by Herod’s eager enquiries and his known character. They were wise men, not fools.
	Return. Literally: bend back. Return to Jerusalem, although ensuring a royal reward, would mean a detour.
13.	Herod. . . destroy him. It was soon after this that Herod had his own firstborn put to death; Jos. Ant. 17 7 1-cp Ex. 4:22,23. 16.
	Slew all the children. One of the ridiculous legends which the church came to revel in makes the number 14,000.
20.	The end of this verse quotes Ex. 4:19 LXX, the point being, apparently, that just as Moses, so also Messiah must be with the people he is to save.
21.	Verse 20 is repeated a most verbatim—to indicate how intent Joseph was on exact fulfilment of divine instructions?
22.	Turned aside. Again, the word which so often means “fled”.
23.	Nazareth. Rather remarkably, the other name for Galilee – Genneseret – means land of Nazareth.

All that is known about Jesus up to the age of twelve is covered by one verse: “And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, filled with wisdom: and the grace of God was upon him” (Lk. 2:40). Each separate phrase here calls for careful evaluation.

All children grow as they get older. So if Luke is careful to mention this about Jesus it must be because in his early years he was above average height, a fact which the gospel writer underlines later on.

Some manuscripts omit the words “in spirit”, thus inviting the reader to take the words ‘he waxed strong” as having reference to physical development; in other words, that Jesus was not only tall for his age but muscular. The weight of evidence, however, would include the words. They are to be read along with the next phrase with reference to his mental development. He was an able boy mentally, “filling himself with wisdom” (Ps.22: 10). This is probably how the translation should go. It presents a picture of a boy with a lively mind, eager in the acquisition of knowledge. And since the word “wisdom” can have reference to nothing but the divine wisdom of the Scriptures (for there is no other wisdom), it means that as soon as he could read Jesus was avid for the Word of God.

It is no wild speculation to envisage that one of the uses to which Joseph and Mary put the gold brought by the wise men was to equip the boy Jesus with his own set of scrolls of Law and Prophets and “the Writings”. In later years, before his public ministry began, he would thoughtfully and carefully write his own copy of the Law, for had not Moses laid this duty on every king of the Jews (Dt. 17:18-20)?

The Special Blessing of Heaven

“And the grace of God was upon him.” In the New Testament this word carries a much more precise meaning than that which is generally associated with it in modern times. Mostly it means either the forgiveness of sins (a meaning not possible here), or the guidance of the Holy Spirit. This second idea also presents difficulties, for was not the Holy Spirit bestowed on Jesus at the time of his baptism years later? Here it is necessary to note the distinction between “the Holy spirit in him” and “upon him”. The former would imply possession of the heavenly gift, with control of the wondrous powers it could impart. The latter phrase, used here, probably indicated a divine guidance and control in the circumstances of life such as is possible in the life of any saint of God. The idea is well and aptly i covered by that splendid phrase: “the ways of.’ Providence”. Many who read these words have had personal experience of this grace of God. It would be strange indeed if the same divine direction, through apparently natural causes;’ and imperceptible to those unequipped with the spectacles of faith, was not constantly at work in the expanding life of this divine child. For example: “Open thou mine eyes that I may behold wondrous things out of thy law” (Ps.119:18) is a Scripture which must have been exemplified a thousand times during these early’ years of the boy Jesus.

One Memory out of Many

From the intimately personal character of’ those first two chapters, it is evident that Luke’ knew Mary personally. How else could he learn 1 that “Mary kept all these things, and pondered them in her heart”, that she was “troubled” at’^; Gabriel’s greeting and “cast in her mind” concerning this salutation, that the baby Jesus was wrapped in swaddling clothes, that as a boy and youth “he was subject unto them”? . Then it may be surmised with every confidence that Mary had many many wonderful memories to share concerning those early days. There are few mothers who cannot talk happily for hours about their firstborn. Yet inspiration guided; Luke to record just this one story as a sample of nearly thirty years’ growth and way of life.” From this, learn all!

A Son of the Law

There came the first Passover after Jesus’ bar-’ mitzvah (a son of the commandment), when he” accompanied his parents to Jerusalem for the feast.

“Three times in the year all thy males shall appear before the Lord God” (Ex.23: 17). It was not obligatory for women or children to attend the feasts. But Mary did so, with Joseph, “every year”. It is in itself an indication of the devout character of the family. No doubt Jesus also had regularly accompanied them. But now he was with them as a member of “the congregation of the Lord.”

Today, a Jewish boy’s bar-mitzvah comes at the age of fourteen; but from post-Captivity days (1 Esdras 5:41 with Ezra 2:64), and almost certainly in the time of Jesus, the proper age was twelve. It is possible that the change (whenever it happened) was dictated by a Jewish desire to label Jesus of Nazareth a bastard, since the age has also been kept at twelve for such; for, over the centuries, nothing has excited Jewish feeling against Jesus more than the claim that his origin was divine.

The Homeward Journey

Passover is followed by the seven days of unleavened bread, and since attendance at this was not obligatory, many returned home immediately after the Passover sabbath. But not so the family of Jesus. They “fulfilled the days”.

During this period it was apparently customary for leading rabbis to hold seminars in the temple court, that any who wished might take advantage of their instruction. Of course the boy Jesus was eager to make the most of such opportunities. So much so that when his parents joined the party travelling back to Galilee, Jesus hung on still in Jerusalem, so fascinated by this wonderful opportunity that he had no thought at all for his parents’ departure.

It was only at the end of the first day’s journey that he was missed. If the suggestion is true that the women and children travelled in separate parties from the men, then probably Mary assumed⁷ that Jesus was with Joseph, and Joseph similarly assumed the he was with Mary. In any case their lack of concern about him is a testimony to the degree of confidence that they had in him.

Found at Last!

It would mean a sleepless night for Mary when at the end of the day increasingly anxious search ended in failure. There was doubtless a hurried return to Jerusalem next morning, or even during the second half of the night, by the light of a half-moon. Then followed a frantic weary searching during which anxiety and reassurance that all would yet turn out well continually struggled for the mastery in their minds. The home of every relation and friend in the city was visited, but fruitlessly. Then-in the night, probably, in the midst of earnest importunity for guidance and for his safety-it dawned on Mary where was the obvious place to seek him. And, sure enough, there next morning he was found in the midst of the learned men, eager as ever in his attention and questioning.

Jerusalem Bible School

It is not an unworthy enquiry to speculate where Jesus ate and slept during those two days and nights. Had he gone to the home of some friend of the family, Joseph and Mary would have found him ere this. The most likely explanation is that some priest, fascinated and delighted by his thirst for knowledge of the Scriptures, took him to his own quarters; or one of those learned rabbis took him to his home in the city. It is interesting to consider that amongst those whom Jesus heard discourse during that week there may have been Simeon or Gamaliel or Nicodemus or Joseph of Arimathea – any of these!

Had those Passover instruction sessions continued past their normal duration, of the seven days because of the avid interest of this boy from Galilee? Or had Jesus found his way into a class attached to the rabbinic school in the_: temple? If the latter, then he was by far the youngest present, for the age-limit is known to have been fifteen. But that he sat “in the midst” of the teachers seems to suggest the former explanation—namely, that they found his insight and eagerness such a stimulus (for there is nothing a teacher likes better than a responsive pupil) that they were glad to re-convene informally for his sake.

It is a mistake to imagine, as some have, that Jesus was arguing on level terms with these men of the Law and confounding and confuting them by his superior knowledge. One of the late apocryphal gospels, the Arabic Gospel of the Infancy, has him not only expounding deep matters out of Law and Prophets but also all kinds of msyteriea and difficulties of science and medicine! But Luke says he was “hearing them, and asking them questions” (2:46). What sort of questions?

Did he peradventure ask: “What think ye of the Christ? Whose son is he?” And, “If David call him Lord, how is he then his son?” (Ps. 110:1).

The Greek text seems to imply that not only did Jesus ask question after question but also that they were thrown back at him, for him to supply the answers.

“The Spirit of the Lord shall rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding . . . the Spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the Lord; and shall make him of quick understanding in the fear of the Lord” (Is. 11:2,3).

“What mean ye”?

One enquiry, for certain, must have been prominent in that discussion. It was Passover time, when, according to the commandment of Exodus 12:26 and according to universal Jewish custom through many centuries, the firstborn of each family put the question at the Passover meal: “What mean ye by this service?” Here, then, was God’s Firstborn in His House at Passover, asking the same question.

The answer which Scripture supplied was: “It is the sacrifice (of a specially selected Lamb) of the Lord’s passover, who passed over the houses of the children of Israel in Egypt.” This passing over was a protection, the Lord “not suffering the destroyer to come in unto the houses” of His people covered by the blood of the Lamb (Ex. 12:27,23). With what mixed feelings was this growing boy now learning the fuller meaning behind that divine deliverance! A poignant psalm of Messiah’s sufferings has these words: “I am afflicted and ready to die from a boy” (Ps. 88:15).

Now, if not earlier, the cross was already casting its shadow across his path. Some readers will recall the famous picture by Holman Hunt. Justin Martyr says that the Jews had a belief that the Messiah will not be aware of his Messiahship until he is anointed by Elijah. Holman Hunt was nearer the truth than the rabbis were.

Rebuke or Surprise?

It was with amazement that his parents came upon him there. Motherly anxiety and relief drove Mary, unabashed, to interrupt these learned men: “Son, why hast thou thus dealt with us?” There is reproach in the words, but also a pardonable pride: ‘This is my boy whom you elders find it worthwhile to discuss Scripture with!’

“Behold, thy father and I were seeking thee sorrowing”-(the same Greek word describes the rich man suffering “torments” in hell-Lk. 16:23,24). The reply of Jesus is to be taken as an expression of surprise rather than reproof: “How is it that ye had to keep on seeking me? Wist ye not that it is necessary for me to be among my Father’s men?”—as who should say: ‘My Father has not been seeking me. I’ve been with Him all the time. Isn’t this the obvious place to look for me?’

Members of Christ’s family still need to learn that lesson, that if they would find him they can hardly do better than look for him in the symbolism of Temple and Passover and in the wisdom of “his Father’s men”.

The rather vague Greek phrase has been variously translated, but “in my Father’s house” is the favourite rendering, following Irenaeus and one or two other “Fathers”. But the commentators seem to have overlooked that the alternative proposed here—”among my Father’s men”—is just as possible and is inherently much more probable.

“My Father”

The Greek expression is interesting in another way as being the first illustration of the Lord’s uniform practice later in life of using the definite article with “my Father”, whereas at the beginning of the Lord’s Prayer he taught his disciples to say “Our Father” without the use of the Greek definite article. This is to be expected, for there is a large difference between God’s Fatherhood of Jesus and His Fatherhood of the disciple. Hence the distinction in the words of the risen Lord: “I ascend to my Father and your Father, and to my God and your God” (Jn. 20:17). Here in the temple the allusion to “my Father” was a gentle correction of Mary’s words: “thy father and I”. From this day forward she must never forget her son’s higher loyalty.

These first recorded works of Jesus contain an implied rebuke couched in the form of a question. It was to be his standard method of administering correction. The gospels have many an example of this.

Every spoken word of Jesus on this and all occasions such as this Mary treasured up in a tenacious memory, often pondering the meaning of them and what they should portend. The words with which Luke describes her reverent eagerness are the very words used of Jacob’s serious concern for Joseph and his meaningful dreams (Gen.37:11).

Nevertheless, until the call came, there in Nazareth he was content to be “subject unto them”, even though now a “son of the commandment” with more understanding than his parents. And how right it was that he should be subject, for “every fatherhood in heaven and in earth” is named from the higher relationship of the Heavenly Father and His Son (Eph. 3:14,15). Furthermore, as a son of the Law the fifth commandment was as much an obligation as any other: “Honour thy father and thy mother. . .that it may be well with thee, and thou mayest live long on the earth (Eph.6: 2,3). Never, it may be assumed, was this commandment so fully observed (offer the first four) as during these early years of Jesus; and none deserves so much as he to “live long on the earth”.

The Hidden Years

The next eighteen years are covered by one short verse: “And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favour with God and man” (2:52). It has been proposed to read “age” in place of stature, but this is palpably absurd, for of course Jesus increased in age. Luke did not need to record that fact. The word translated “increased” means “to forge ahead of the rest’. Jesus’ outstanding wisdom is to be expected, because of his parentage and because of his evident devotion to the Word of God. Physically, also, he was outstanding. Somehow, this too is to be expected-that the Son of God should be in all respects a fine and wholesome example of what the human race can achieve in its present weakness.

Attempts have been made to represent Jesus as physically puny and unattractive. The “evidence” is detailed here so that readers may estimate its quality.

1. Lk. 19:3 “Zacchaeus sought to see Jesus who he was; and could not for the press, because he (Jesus!) was little of stature.” The Greek will stand this reading, but it is not certain.
2. Mt. 21:5: Jesus rode the foal of an ass, so he must have been well below average weight.
3. Jn. 20:15: Mary’s willingness to carry away the body of Jesus argues the same conclusion.
4. Mk. 15:21: Jesus needed help with the carrying of the cross.
5. Is. 53:2: “There is no beauty that we should desire him.”

There is an indirectness (or an alternative interpretation) about all this evidence which must give way before the explicit words of Luke 2:52.

Growth, Progress

So Jesus grew, blessed by God and man alike, according to the peerless principle of the Book of Proverbs: “Let not mercy and truth (the promises of God) forsake thee: bind them about thy neck; write them upon the table of thine heart: so shalt thou find favour and good understanding in the sight of God and man” (3:3,4).

It is interesting to note the contrast with John the Baptist. He, too, grew and waxed strong in spirit” (Lk. 1:80), but there was no outstanding favour in the sight of men-because he was ‘in the deserts”, and in any case his austerity of life would hardly make a wide appeal. But Jesus lived as a carpenter in Nazareth (Mk. 6:3). This fact is the only other glimpse of his life until the time came for his public ministry to begin.

The Apocrypha (Ecclus. 38:25,27,33) speaks very bluntly about the inferior quality of carpenters and other craftsmen. Yet Jesus was content to continue in the workshop at Nazareth. For so highly intelligent a boy what a bore many of the routine jobs must have been. Yet he quietly put up with the drudgery. And through it all he was building up a tough physical constitution that was to stand him in good stead in days to come.

Self-Discipline

As the years went by and he passed the age of twenty, twenty-five, and was coming up to thirty, this would be a trying time indeed. His steadily growing understanding and the superb vigour of life which pulsed in his veins would make it difficult past description for him to continue in a life of quiet service and obscurity when he felt that there was so much of his Father’s work to be done. But instead he learned and practised his trade as an ordinary carpenter, whilst patiently, patiently, he awaited the sign of the appearance of his forerunner.

And away in the wilderness another young man was similarly straining at the leash, eager to be out and busy calling a wayward nation back to its God. Trying years, truly!

Notes: Luke 2:40-52

40.	The grace of God means: (a) the forgiveness of sins: Rom. 3:24; 5:17,20,21; 6:1; Eph. 1:6,7; 2:5,7,8; Tit. 2:11; Heb.2: 9; Jn. 1:14-17. (b) a Holy Spirit gift: Rom. 12:3,6; 1 Cor. 1:4,7; Gal. 2:9; Eph. 4:7; 1 Pet. 4:10; Lk. 4:22. Also, occasionally, grace = thanks for a gift; e.g. 1 Pet. 2:19,20.
41.	His parents. Naturally Jesus was commonly thought of and spoken of as the son of Joseph; 4: 22;Jn. 1:45; 6:42,
	Every year. A further indication of their intrinsic godliness—for there was a growing family of small children. Passover. Josephus, always given to wild exaggeration when dealing with numbers, says (B.J.6.9.3) that in one year 256,500 lambs were offered -which is absurd.
43.	Joseph and his mother. The texts are fairly evenly balanced between this reading and “his parents”.
46.	There is an impressive collection of continuous verbs here: sitting, hearing, asking, astonished.
47.	Bombastically Josephus relates that when he was fourteen the chief priests were glad to refer to him all kinds of tricky questions in the Law of Moses! How different with Jesus!
48.	Amazed. If it were not so utterly unsuitable, “struck daft” would not be too inaccurate a translation.
49.	My Father’s business. The next best alternative is to read: “the things of my Father”, with reference to Ps. 40:7,8. My Father. A quiet correction of “thy father and I”. And what a change from “Despot” (v.29) and “most High” (1:76).
51.	Went down. He attempted no insistence on staying longer in this absorbing ploy.
52.	Increased in wisdom. The Nicene fathers, in a fix with this phrase, make it mean ‘increased in manifestation of wisdom. . .’Grasp the truth about the nature of Christ, and there is no difficulty. He increased in wisdom by such means as Dt. 11:18,19.Cp. also 1 Sam. 2:26.

Apart from the palpably erroneous Trinitarian view of this familiar passage the interpretation most commonly heard follows more or less these lines:

“The Word” is the eternal Divine Purpose in Christ, foreknown and planned from the very beginning. It was according to this eternal Purpose that all things in the universe came into existence. It embodies the growing light of God’s Revelation to men (through the Law and the Prophets), and came eventually to its fulness in the person of Christ, the Word now made flesh.

An Interpretation with Difficulties

Quite apart from the fact that this is an interpretation almost impossible to defend against the onslaughts of a skilful Trinitarian, there are far too many weaknesses and unexplained difficulties involved in the acceptance of it. In fact, when it comes to details, especially in the Greek text, there is nothing but vagueness and obscurity.

1.	This interpretation of the Word has to fall back for support on such remote passages as Ps. 147:15,18 and 107: 20, Pr. 8:22,23. These, and no others. John’s own usage-and this should prevail – is quite different. It should be very evident from this list that in the New Testament the normal meaning of logos is word. To insist on any other is precarious. Yet the commonly-heard interpretation of John 1:1 calls for a confident dependence on a remote and very occasional meaning of logos: “reason, purpose, intent” (see the foregoing list which has 4 such examples out of 300).
2.	“The Word was with God”. The vague (and pointless!) significance attached to this phrase gives no value whatever, or else a wrong value, to the Greek preposition “with”.
3.	It is necessary to insist on the reading: “all things were made by it (the impersonal divine Purpose) . . .That which hath been made was life in it…”, and so on. Logically, until one comes to “the Word was made flesh” in v.14, there can be no allusion to the personal Jesus, and “life in It (the Purpose)” is a poor insipid substitute for “life in Christ”, the normal New Testament expression everywhere else.
4.	The references in v. 6,7 to John the Baptist require that v.7 should also allude to Jesus the Man, not to Jesus the Idea. Verses 11,12 similarly require to be read with reference to Jesus the Man. How then does verse 14 “the Word became flesh and dwelt among us” come in as indicating the climax of Divine Revelation, when clear references have already been made to Jesus the Man?
5.	To translate logos as “purpose” or “idea” is to mistranslate it. Young’s Concordance lists the following:

       

Logos:	account	8	talk	1
	cause	1	speech	8
	communication	3	thing	4
	doctrine	1	things to say	1
	fame	1	tidings	1
	intent	1	treatise	1
	matter	1	utterance	4
	mouth	1	word	208
	preaching	1	Word	7
	reason	2	words	4
	saying	50	work	2
	show	1	do	1

6.

A lot of pretentious nonsense has been talked about the relevance of John’s logos doctrine to the heresy of Gnosticism. There is no connection between the two. John wrote his gospel, and Paul his epistles, a full century before this patch-work of philosophical humbug was foisted on the Christian church. In the New Testament the great enemy of Truth is Judaism, and not any kind of philosophy. The case for this is overwhelming.

7.

Most important criticism of all. This approach to John 1 does not allow the apostle to be his own interpreter, but time after time (as will be seen by and by) it imposes on his words a meaning quite foreign to his own usage.

It is by this method-finding out how John himself uses the expressions which he employs—that a more exact and much more satisfying understanding of his Logos theme is to be arrived at. If it be investigated what are the precise meanings of such terms as the Word, the beginning, with God, all things, world, the Light, as they occur in John’s writings, the results ought to lead to a fairly exact idea of what John meant in his prologue. It is the more necessary to insist on this method because, as is fully recognized by all students of the New Testament, the apostle John has an idiom all his own. He frequently uses words and phrases with meanings quite different from those found elsewhere in Scripture.

The Word is Jesus

Thus, John refers to The Word in three other places, and in each case his allusion is to Jesus the Man. “His name is called the Word of God” (Rev. 19:13). “That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled, of the Word of life” (1 Jn. 1:1); that is, they heard his preaching, they saw his miracles, they looked upon him crucified, and they handled him when risen from the dead (Lk. 24:39). “Who bare record of the word of God, and of the testimony of Jesus Christ, and of all things that he saw” (Rev. 1:2). Even this passage, which at first sight seems to require a different meaning for “the word of God” lines up with the others when it is realised that this is the first of a series of triads which meet the reader in Revelation 1 (compare verses 4b, 5a, 7). In fact, “the testimony of Jesus and all things that he saw” is the exact equivalent of 1 John 1:2.

The tentative conclusion concerning “the Word” in John 1:1 would therefore appear to be that it means Jesus the Man, and not Jesus the Idea or Purpose.

Further investigation confirms this conclusion.

The Beginning

The identity of the expression: “In the beginning” with Genesis 1:1 has led many to assume that John 1:1 refers to the beginning of the visible creation. But a careful use of the concordance reveals that out of 16 other instances where John speaks of “the beginning”, in no single case does he allude to Genesis 1:1. Admittedly, in two of them he refers to Genesis, but in both instances (Jn. 8:44; 1 Jn. 3:8) the allusion is to the serpent. This, however, is Genesis 3 and not the beginning of creation, when all material things were made by the word of God: “And God said…”

It is impressive to observe that all other occurrences of “the beginning” in John’s writings have to do with the beginning of the ministry of Jesus or the beginning of discipleship or some related idea. A few examples:

“And ye also shall bear witness, because ye have been with me from the beginning” (Jn.15:27).

“And these things I said not unto you at the beginning, because I was with you” (Jn. 16:4).

‘Then said they unto him, Who art thou? And Jesus saith unto them, Even the same that I said unto you from the beginning” (Jn. 8:25).

“For Jesus knew from the beginning who they were that believed not, and who should betray him” (Jn. 6:64). “Brethren, I write no new commandment unto you, but an old commandment which ye had from the beginning. The old commandment is the word which ye have heard from the beginning” (1 Jn. 2:7). “For this is the message that ye heard from the beginning, that we should love one another” (1 Jn. 3:11).

This list should be conclusive. John 1:1 is speaking about the beginning of the ministry of Jesus. Hence, appropriately, the immediate reference to the Baptist: “There was a man sent from God whose name was John” (v.6), a reference which in the traditional exposition is badly out of place.

Mark’s gospel is now seen to have exactly the same approach: “The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God; as it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face” (Mk. 1:1,2). And in Luke’s introduction also: “Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us, even as they delivered them unto us, which from the beginning were eyewitnesses-and-ministers of the Word” (Lk. 1:1,2). Note here also, that, as in John, “the Word” must be Jesus; the phrase “eyewitnesses and ministers” requires this.

John 1 and Genesis 1

It may be urged that the very similarity between John 1:1 and Genesis 1:1 demands that they be allowed to interpret each other. Since Genesis 1:1 is about the beginning of this creation, ought not John 1:1 to be so read also?

There can, of course, be no doubt that John intended his allusion to Genesis to be recognized, but all the evidence already marshalled points to the conclusion that what he sought to stress was this: Jesus was the Beginning of a New Creation; and in the spiritual realm God has worked on similar principles to those which marked His earlier creative work in the material sphere. In other words, John intends his readers to trace a parallel between the material creation (of Genesis 1) and the spiritual creation consisting of men and women made new in Christ.

There can be no doubt that the same kind of thinking is traceable in other parts of the New Testament (Col. 1:15-18; 2 Cor. 5:17; 1 Pet. 1:23; Heb. 1:2,10-12). The same idea is very probably implicit in the way in which Luke introduces the Greek word for “making a beginning” (in ch. 3:23) in a way that is almost untranslatable and which may even be ungrammatical. And also in Acts 1:1, where Luke employs a phrase from Genesis 2:3 LXX.

“With God”-How?

Back to John 1:1: “… and the Word was with God”. This Greek preposition is one which normally carries the idea of “facing towards” or “moving towards”. Out of a hundred occurrences in John’s gospel, there is not another where this preposition is translated “with”. The “eternal Divine Intention” thesis can make no sense at all of this phrase, for how can a divine Idea be “God-ward”? The notion is at best a misty one, an unworthy hazy enunciation of a hazy bit of unbiblical philosophy. Much more sensibly, Dr Thomas has the terse comment: “Here is companionship” (Eur. 1.90). “Pros implies not merely existent alongside of but personal intercourse” (Exp. Gk. Test.).

Instead, apply the expression to Jesus, and immediately there is seen to be a satisfying precision and fulness of meaning: In all his days Jesus was “with God” in that he lived a God-ward life, fully, completely, absolutely. And of him only could this be said; of him, in the very beginning of his days (v.2) and thenceforward without lapse of any kind.

No Definite Article

“And the Word was God.” Here the Trinitarian falls down by failing to observe that in the original the word “God” is without the definite article which it normally carries in New Testament Greek. The first time the word “God” comes in this verse, it has the article; the second time it is without it.

The general effect of this loss of article is to weaken the meaning. An interesting example traceable in the English version is in Pilate’s inscription over the cross: “Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews”; whereupon the chief priests said: “Write not, The King of the Jews”; but that he said, I am King of the Jews” (Jn. 19:19,21). They sought to dilute the force of the inscription in two ways-by adding ‘he said”, and by omitting the article.

A neglected verse

Verse 2 appears to be needlessly repetitious, and accordingly the commentators give it scant attention: “The same was in the beginning with God.”

Two points at least are worth spending time on. The Greek pronoun translated “the same” comes no less than 44 times in John’s writings with reference to Jesus, the personal Jesus.

Also, the emphasis here clearly links the God-ward Christ with “the beginning”. So it seems not unlikely that there is here an indirect allusion to the Lord’s baptism in the beginning of his ministry, thus matching (in characteristic idiom) the narratives of the synoptists. There is the same God-ward emphasis in Mt. 3:16,17.

Consequently, then, “the Word was God’ declares the divinity of Christ, not his deity. And, accordingly, Moffat translates: “the Word was divine”, a translation with which no good Christadelphian need quarrel.

“All things” in the New Creation

Besides the words “in the beginning” (v.1) the other main reason for seeking a “cosmic” interpretation of this passage with reference to a timeless pre-historic Purpose of God in Christ has been the emphatic assertion of verse 3: “All things were made by him: and without him was not anything made.”

On the face of it this verse seems to demand an application to the Creation of Genesis 1, and accordingly it becomes a stronghold of the Trinitarian exegesis. But the Creation spoken of here is not the material creation of Genesis, but the New Creation in Christ. The Apostle John is emphasizing the powerful and instructive parallel between the two. Once this is realised, these words beloved of orthodoxy cease to be a weapon of misuse.

Nor is the point just made a case of pitting one opinion against another. Full demonstration is possible that no other view is tenable. Application of these words to the literal material creation is not one of two possible interpretations; it is definitely wrong.

First, let it be noted that the RV margin of verse 4a reads: “That which hath been made is life in him.” For full vindication of this as the correct translation the reader is referred to J.C.’s note in The Christadelphian for January 1957. Thus the creation referred to here is “Life in Him”-the New Creation.

This detail in the immediate context of the words under consideration should be decisive by itself. But an examination of the use of the expression “all things” in John’s gospel puts the issue beyond further argument. The reference is not to the ‘all things” of the visible universe—sun, stars, mountains, seas, trees, animals-but to the achievements of Christ in the spiritual realm: the redemption of men and women to be new creatures in Him. This is the sublimest act of God. This is God’s last Word.

No lack of examples

A few examples out of many which might be adduced:

“The Father loveth the Son, and hath given all things into his hand” (3:35)

“For the Father loveth the Son, and showeth him all things that himself doeth” (5:20); cp. the next verse: raising the dead and quickening them; and observe the language of creation in v.17: “My Father worketh hitherto, and I work.”

“Jesus, knowing that the Father had given all things into his hands…” (13:3).

“All things that the Father hath are mine: therefore said I, that he shall take of mine (i.e. the teaching concerning Jesus, v.14), and shall show it unto you” (16:15).

“Now they have known that all things whatsoever thou hast given me are of thee”

(17: 7) Observe here how the “all things” is restricted by the phrase that follows: “And all things that are mine are thine, and thine are mine; and I am glorified in them (i.e. in the disciples, the redeemed)” (17:10).

“To us there is but one God, the Father, of whom are all things,, even we unto him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, even we through him” (1 Cor. 8:6).

Thus it is possible to take John’s words in verse 3 in an almost literal sense: All things (in the

New Creation) have been made through Jesus, the Word of God. But then, why a neuter and not masculine plural? Probably with reference to the various significant features of the New Life in

Christ— Baptism, the Love Feast and Breaking of Bread, Holy Spirit gifts, and so on. Also, the absence of a definite article in this phrase implies each thing considered separately; each springs from Christ, and looks to Christ for its meaning; compare: “Without me (s.w. 1:3) ye can do nothing” (15:5).

Again, the phrase ‘made by him” (literally: “became through him”) carefully avoids the words “make” and “create” which dominate Gen. 1, so as to steer interpretation away from reference to that beginning.

“Life in him”-or “by means of him”-hides from most readers another subtle allusion back to Genesis. This word Zee, which in John always means spiritual life, is the very name which Adam gave to his wife (Gen. 3:20 LXX). “He called her Life who had brought in death; because he had now tasted a better life in the promise of the woman’s seed” (John Lightfoot). Absolutely right! It was in this way that Adam, and Eve also (4:1), were justified by faith. But now the apostle very neatly stresses that the promised salvation is Life in Him (the Seed of the woman), and not in her.

This Life is the Light not just of Jews but of men, without regard to race or status.

“The Light (of the gospel) shineth- present -, tense!-in darkness.” Again, the thought of the passage takes the reader back to Genesis, when darkness blanketed the whole world until God said: “Let there be Light”. But what Light could this be before any sign of sun, moon, or stars? The word “shineth” supplies a clue, for the New Testament uses it often to indicate a manifestation of Shekinah Glory (e.g. Mt. 24:27,30; 1:20, 2:7; Mk. 16:9). Such an interpretation is also suggested by the simple fact that the natural light-Day-divides itself from natural darkness-Night. The fact that “God divided. . .” encourages the reader to look for further meaning.

Now, with an eye on this, John insists that the Light of Christ was a Shekinah Glory shining in the gospel, a Glory not to be obscured by the darkness of a Judaism lacking all sign of a Shekinah: “the darkness apprehended it not.”

Men who loved darkness rather than Light were unable either to grasp the meaning of the message or to take it over or to overpower or extinguish it, although (note the past tense!) a determined attempt had already been made when they seized Jesus and put him to death. Nevertheless, the victory of the Jews was, in fad, their defeat, as the resurrection of Jesus was to prove.

Our Lord’s Human Nature

The question arises: If indeed these opening verses of John 1 have reference to the personal

Jesus right from verse 1, how is verse 14 to be understood? Does not “the Word made flesh” refer to the birth of Jesus, and does not this allusion come in most inappropriately if verses 1-13 have already been written about him?

The first answer to this objection consists of a challenge to expound verses 1-13 detail by detail, with reference to an impersonal Logos. It just cannot be done. The first five verses become nebulous and near to nonsense. The pointed mention of the ministry of John the Baptist (v.6-8)is out of place. And “to them that believe on his name” becomes an insult to the intelligence if reference to an impersonal Purpose or Idea is attempted.

A further answer is that “made flesh” refers not to the birth but to the nature of Christ. A study of uses of the word “flesh” in the New Testament shows that it is a normal synonym for unregenerate human nature. Thus when John declares: “the word was made flesh”, he is emphasizing that Jesus came with ordinary human nature, subject to the normal weaknesses and temptations of human nature. “Every spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is not of God”, declares John peremptorily. And current (Christadelphian) “spirits” who fail by this very test need the same drastic exposure.

There is, however, a massive distinction to be drawn between Jesus and the rest of men, says John. The inherent ineradicable flaws in human nature—pride, selfishness, impiety, lust and all the rest-are ever found in men. Bring them to the Light, and the Light makes manifest. But in Jesus-”we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth.” And this in a man who was flesh!

Notes: John1: 1-5

1.	In the beginning. No article in Gk. But if the meaning here were intended to be identical, and not parallel, with Gen. 1:1, the article would surely be necessary. “The period of the ministry of Jesus and especially its opening incidents, and also the time of the first emergence of faith in Jesus, are all properly described as the Beginning” (Hoskyns).
	The Word. The use of Logos as a title for Jesus is not restricted to the writings of John. Besides Mk. 1:1,2; Lk. 1:1,2 there are also:Heb.4:12;Rom. 10:8; 1 Pet. l:23;Jas. 1: 18; Acts 19: 20.
	There is certainly no reference to Greek philosophy or any form of Gnosticism, such is unthinkable in the writings of a man like John. If there were, what connection would this prologue have with the rest of the gospel? John’s gospel is Jewish through and through (see Study 14).This fact is decisive.
	John Lighfoot suggests a parallel with Targum usage; e.g. “And Moses brought forth the people (at Sinai) to meet the Word of the Lord” (Ex. 19:17). And in Gen. 26:3, for “I will be with thee”, Targum has: “My Word shall be thy help”; and many such examples. Can it be doubted that in such passages allusion is intended to the angel of the Lord? In these places the rabbis had no use for a vague divine “Purpose”.
	With God. A few examples out of a great many: Jn. 1:29; 3:20; 6:17,35,68. In the light of Jn. 1:17,18, the same phrase is specially significant in Ex. 18:19; 19:21,24; 24:2; 32:30.
	With God. In 2 Cor. 5:18-21 the article is omitted (as here) in v. 19,21, but is present in the other verses.
3.	All things. With reference to the new Creation, observe how Jn. 20:22, 1 echo Gen. 2:7; 1:5. Consider also Eph. 3:9; Col. 1:16; Heb. 1:2; Rev.4;ll. 5. The light …the darkness. In idea, if not in fact, John is looking to Rev. 21:23,25.
5.	The light. . .the darkness. In idea, if not in fact, John is looking to Rev. 21:23,25.

The prologue to John’s gospel has a strange mystifying feature quite without parallel anywhere else. It is broken up into three separate pieces which alternate with three short sections about the work and character of John the Baptist:

Either set of three sections reads consecutively with a smoothness which is immediately apparent.

Why John should give the introduction to his gospel this shape is not easy to fathom, but the fact of it is almost self-evident.

The Lamp and the Light

John was not the Light, not the effulgent Glory of the Living God. He was only a lamp, burning and shining (5:35). There is a strange paradox here, for men use a lamp to illuminate what is in the dark; yet John the lamp was God’s way of lighting the path to the Light of the World. And Israel needed it, because they were a people sitting in darkness. But do men need anyone to bear witness to them concerning Him who is the Light of the World? ‘Surely’, says A. T. Robertson, “men can tell light from darkness!” But he adds the immediate comment: “No, that is precisely what men cannot do.”

So John’s assignment from God was to teach men to believe in Jesus as the true Light, the Shekinah Glory of God, who was to be revealed. He came “that all men through him might believe.” But first they needed to learn not to believe in themselves. Accordingly, an essential part of John’s message was: “All flesh .is grass, and all the goodliness thereof is as the flower of the field” (Is. 40:6). This truth they were wondrous slow to learn. Consequently, even though a man of John’s character must inevitably make a tremendous impression on the people, so that they flocked in their thousands to hear him, his message was either not received at all (by the rulers), or was taken up (by the people) only to be let go again.

Even so, there was a lasting impact on some, for, years later in far-off Ephesus, Paul found a handful of believers who held tenaciously (although in some respects imperfectly) to the teaching of John as it had somehow reached them there (Acts 19:1-7).

For such a reason, doubtless, it was necessary for the writer of the gospel to emphasize: “He was not that Light. . .The true Light, which lighteth every man, was coming into the world.” This RVm reading of John 1:9 is equally possible with the more familiar reading. It is only a matter of re-punctuating the Greek text.

The Type and the True

This reference to Jesus as “the true Light” uses a word which implies, not the true in contrast to the false, but that which is the reality in contrast to type or shadow. Thus the phrase implies that Jesus was the more profound fulfilment of all that was signified by the appearances of the Shekinah Glory to God’s people in the wilderness.

This entire passage (v.6-18) is so shot through with typical allusions to Moses and Israel and the angel of the covenant in the wilderness that it taxes the powers of the expositor to set out the sequence of ideas in a coherent intelligible fashion. The device of parallel columns might help the reader to trace the allusiveness of John’s writing:

	John 1	Exodus
6.	A man sent from God whose name was John.	Moses sent to Israel in bondage to declare God’s impending deliverance (3:10).
7.	To bear witness of the Light.	Moses’ testimony to his encounter with the Angel of the Lord and the Shekinah Glory (3:16).
9.	He was true Light (alethinos, not the typical light)…	The Angel of the Covenant with the Glory of the Lord foreshadowed a greater deliverance (14:19,20).
	…which lighteth every (kind of) man that cometh into the world (the New Israel).	A mixed multitude joined Israel in their deliverance (12:38).
10.	He was in the world (of Israel), and that world came into being through him. . .and the world knew him not.	The Angel of the Lord present in the camp of Israel and the means of their deliverance (23:20).
11.	His own received him not.	The murmuring of Israel
12.	As many as received him. . .	The loyalty of the tribe of Lev! (32:26).
	…to them gave he power to become the sons of God. . .	The adoption of Lev! as the priestly tribe (32:29)
	…even to them that believe	The people believed that God had visited his people (4:31).
	…on his name	“My Name is in him” (23:21).
13.	Born, not of blood etc., but of God.	Levi selected, not (then) because of birth qualification but for godliness’ sake (Dt. 33:9,10).
14.	And the Word became (was born) flesh?…	(Here a contrast with the divine nature of the delivering Angel)
	… and tabernacled among us…	The Angel and the Shekinah Glory in the Tabernacle (33:9; 40:35).
	…full of grace and truth. . .	“He will not pardon your transgressions” (23:21). “Now if thou wilt forgive their sin-” (32:32).
	. . .and we beheld his glory. . .	The pillar of cloud and fire over the Tabernacle in the camp (Num. 10:34) (and see also Lev. 9:22,23).
	…as of the only begotten of the Father	(Here again a contrast-the Angel a “son of God”).
16.	And of his fulness have all we received. . .and grace (true forgiveness) instead of grace (the typical forgiveness under the Law)	“The Tabernacle was f?//ed with the Glory of the Lord” (40:36).
17.	Grace and truth (true forgiveness) come by Jesus Christ.	The Law was given (idiom: appointed) through Moses.
18.	No man (not even Moses) hath seen God at any time…	“Show me thy Glory …Thou canst not see my face … no man shall see me, and live” (33:18,20).
	…the only begotten, which is in the bosom of the Father … he hath declared him.	Contrast Moses hidden in a cleft of the rock (33:22). God made known through Moses in type and shadow.

The mission of John the Baptist is introduced with emphasis and exactness: “a man sent from God.” The Greek phrase implies: “from beside God”. Yet no one, except Mormons with their peculiar “personal-pre-existence” doctrine, believes that John came down from heaven. This is a particularly clear and useful instance of the characteristic Johannine idiom which, through being so often disregarded, has led to the Athanasian doctrine of Christ’s personal pre-existence in heaven.

Other examples, which no more prove the pre-existence of Christ than this passage (1:6) proves a pre-existence of John, are these:

1. “I came out from God . . . from the Father” (16:27,28).
2. “I am from him” (7:29).
3. “The only begotten of (from) the Father” (1:14)
4. “Whatsoever things thou hast given me are of thee” (17:7-same construction).
5. “I came out from thee” (17:8-the same again).

All of these, and more, use the same form of words, but orthodox theologians disregard the true meaning of the idiom because they want to.

The writer is nevertheless careful to omit the definite article, as at the end of verse 1 — not para tou theou, but para theou. Thus, in yet another way, he warns his reader away from assuming that the Baptist or his Lord made a personal descent from heaven. Compare Peter’s phrase: “holy men of God (para theou)” (2 Pet. 1:21), an exact parallel to the examples already cited.

John’s function, as repeated again and again in this first chapter, was that of witness to Christ.

His message concerning repentance and baptism has relatively meagre mention. John himself was “not that Light”. Always, in all four gospels, this contrast between John and Jesus is insisted on. The Baptist’s preaching was “in order that all men through him might believe.”

This admirably chosen preposition is given excellent force in the rest of this chapter. Priests and Levites from Jerusalem are bidden look away to one greater than John. And his imperative: “Behold the Lamb of God”, spoken to his own disciples, lost him their loyalty (v.36, 37), as he intended it should (cp. also 1 Cor. 3:5).

But “all men” did not and do not believe. It is simply not true that “he (the true Light) lighteth every man.” There are but few who want or can appreciate the illumination Christ brings. Again there is need to appreciate the force of John’s idiom (and it is not only his), that instead of “all” carrying the usual sense of “all without any exception”, it is not infrequently used to mean “all without distinction, all kinds of men”.

For instance:

1. “By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples” (13:35).
2. “I, if I be lifted up, will draw all men unto me” (12:32).
3. “All the people came unto him (in the temple)” (8:2).

So the meaning here (in 1:7,9) is that the gospel is not for Pharisees and scribes only, but for publicans and harlots also; not confined to Israel, but for all manner of Gentiles—barbarian, Scythian, bond and free: “that whosoever believeth in me should not abide in darkness” (12:46) The Light of God’s Shekinah was not meant for Israel only (Is. 49:6).

Yet another problem phrase underlines this basic truth. “He was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world.” It is fashionable nowadays to insist on the RVm reading: “The true Light, which lighteth every man, was coming into the world.” But for three reasons this may safely be treated as inferior:

1. The order of the words in the Greek text.
2. John Lighfoot’s demonstration that “every man coming into the world” was a much used rabbinic expression for “every kind of person”.
3. The very emphatic past continuous verb is utterly inappropriate with reference to Jesus (and the next three verses require reference to Jesus).

A triple mention of “the world” (kosmos) now introduces another Johannine idiom. Here, as with “all”, there is no universalism, but instead a very limited meaning: the Jewish world. This can bequickly demonstrated by examples:

1. “Behold, the world is gone out after him”, wailed certain Pharisees after the Lord’s triumphal entry into Jerusalem (12:19). At that time the wide world did not even know that Jesus existed,
2. “Show thyself to the world” (7:4), jeered his brothers as they urged him to get busy with a big appeal at the Feast of Tabernacles.
3. “This is the condemnation (of Jewry), that light is come into the world, and men (Jews) loved darkness rather than light” (3:19).
4. Other examples: Jn. 1:29; 8:26; 15:19; 17:14.

And now yet another idiom: “The world was made by him”-literally: “The kosmos became through him.” In what sense was the Jewish world made through Christ?

There is special need here to appreciate the full efficacy of the redeeming work of Christ—that the forgiveness of sins, even for those who lived and died B.C., is through Christ, and only through him. His sacrifice is as efficacious to cover the sin of Noah, Daniel and Job-yes, and of Adam and Eve-as it is today to wash away the sins of one about to be baptized into his Name.

Consider four very significant passages:

1. ‘Jesus Christ, whom God set forth (RVm: purposed) to be a propitiatory sacrifice through faith in his blood, to declare his (God’s) righteousness because of the passing over of the sins done aforetime, in the forbearance of God” (Rom. 3: 25).
2. “And for this cause he is the mediator of a new covenant, that a death having taken place for the redemption of the transgressions that were under the first covenant, they which are called might receive the promise of eternal inheritance” (Heb. 9:15).
3. “And many bodies of the saints which slept arose, and came out of the graves after his resurrection…” (Mt. 27:52,53). The evident intention here is to stress that the death and resurrection of Jesus were efficacious to raise from the dead even those who died before he did.
4. Genesis 3:15 is careful to emphasize that the Seed of the woman crushes not just the seed of the serpent but the head of the serpent itself. Right back to its fountain-head sin is overcome through Christ. Even Adam and Eve have their sin forgiven because of their declared faith in him, the promised Seed (3:20,21; 4:1).

It is in this vitally important sense that the world of Israel was made (came into being) through Christ. Apart from him that crucial covenant sacrifice offered at Sinai, when the people were consecrated to their God, had no meaning. The sequence there, in Exodus 24, needs to be considered. Israel was shut out from the presence of God. Bounds were set around the mount where He manifested Himself. Then came the building of an altar and the offering of the covenant-sacrifice. The blood was sprinkled on both altar and people. At the same time all gave their assent to the book of the Covenant. And then, only then, could the representatives of the nation ascend into the mount and eat a meal of fellowship in the very presence of the Glory of God (Ex. 24:4-11). But except there had been some rudimentary understanding of what lay behind the covenant-sacrifice, that shedding of blood would have been of no real value whatever.

Rejected

All this and all similar significant transactions in later days lie behind John’s trenchant phrase: “the world was made by him”. Yet with what mordant sadness does he go on to record: “and the world knew him not.” This is repeated: “He came unto his own—his own Land and Holy City, his own Temple, his own inheritance as Son of Abraham, Son of David, Son of God—and his own people received him not.” How this is underlined by John’s dramatic use of the same word “received”. “And they took Jesus/and led him away” (19:16, cp. also Lk. 20:14,15). They received him, but only to crucify him!

But whilst the nation as a whole turned its back on the Son of God, there were those, a faithful remnant, who did receive him.

Sons of God – New Born

“And whosoever received him (even them that believe and go on believing in his name), to them gave he authority, warrant, sanction to become sons of God” (v.12)

Gentiles, called by the gospel, especially needed this authentication of their new status as sons of God. Jews were confident that they already had this status, yet in truth they needed the same authorization.

The ‘Name” to be believed in makes a profitable investigation, worthy of the attention of any Bible student. Is it the Divine Name declared at Sinai (Ex. 34:6), the fulness of which is expressed in the Son of God? Or is it his name Jesus Christ, the Saviour from sin, and the promised King? Or is it his name Son of God which calls men to become sons of God? (cp. Is. 56:5). Whichever it is, the ideas inevitably overlap.

These who are sons of God through believing necessarily experience a New Birth. No man born and living in a completely natural way can be a son of God. He must be born “not of bloods, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God” (v.13). The first and third expressions in this triad allude to the mother and father in a normal begettal, and they are united by “the will of the flesh”, which applies to both.

Attempts have been made to use these words as a proof-text of the Virgin Birth of Jesus, which is not otherwise taught explicitly in John’s gospel. It is true that a very few manuscripts and some of the earliest of the Fathers read: “which was born”, with reference to Jesus. But the mass of evidence the other way is not to be set aside. Yet is is easy to see how this changed reading came about. The early church had the wit to see that what is true of the redeemed must also be true of the Redeemer. Almost certainly John had this in mind when he wrote the words. So, less directly, it is valid to see an implication of the Virgin Birth of Jesus in these words. Later (3:3,4) the apostle was to record, with evident satisfaction, the Lord’s personal teaching how a man is to be born again—from above, and not by the will of the flesh (cp. also 1 Pet. 1:23).

The Word born “flesh”

The hint which John has just given concerning the Virgin Birth of Jesus is accompanied by a needful corrective of extreme or mistaken views concerning his nature. His was “the glory from the only begotten of the Father”, truly; nevertheless the Word was born “flesh”, that is (according to the very common usage of the New Testament) with ordinary human nature, sharing the fallen nature of Adam with all its propensities to evil, yet-the marvel of it!-always living a God-ward life: “the Word was with God”! Here was God manifest in flesh (and not stone; Ex. 34:4), so that the prophet seeing this before, and marvelling at it, could exclaim: “Behold, your God!” (Is. 40:5-9).

This Word of God “tabernacled” among us. Once again, like the True Light, the figure is that of Israel in the wilderness: “we beheld his Glory. . .full of grace and truth”. Here John’s hendiadys is equivalent to “true grace”; and since in so many places “grace” is the inspired Scripture’s way of alluding to undeserved forgiveness from God (Study 12) the allusion may be traced with confidence to the Shekinah Glory of God shining forth from above the Mercy Seat in the Tabernacle and thus signifying the forgiveness which God extended to His people on their Day of Atonement. Typically this was enacted in a Tabernacle which shared the punishment of God’s people in the wilderness. Its outward appearance was goat’s hair, a fitting symbol of the unattractive character of human nature. In the spiritual reality the heavenly Glory found expression in one who was born flesh. There was no beauty that they should desire him. Yet in him, and only in him, was the true forgiveness possible. He was “full of grace and truth”.

The Glory of the Lord

The apostle’s commentary on this message of John uses language appropriate to the same idea. Indeed apart from allusion to the Shekinah Glory it is difficult to interpret without falling into unhelpful vagueness: “And of his fulness have all we received, and grace for grace” (v.16). When, almost a year after the crossing of the Red Sea, the Tabernacle was completed and consecrated, “the glory of the Lord fil/edthe tabernacle” (Ex. 40:34,36,38). It is this word “filled” which the apostle picked up in order to expound it out of his own personal experience. Jesus had shown himself to be the Sanctuary of God filled with the Holy Spirit; and just as the priests were unable to enter the Tabernacle until the glory lifted from within to above it, so also the ensuing ministry of the apostles (note that plural pronoun “we”) could not take up where Jesus left off until the ascension of the Lord and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit.

“Grace for Grace”

Similarly, the vague mysterious expression “grace for (that is, instead of) grace” now falls into place, the two main ideas associated with “grace” in the NT. are the forgiveness of sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit (Study 12). Both of these meanings make very good sense in this place. In Christ there is true forgiveness of sins, as against that which is typically foreshadowed through the sacrifices of the Tabernacle. Also, over against the Glory of God in the Tabernacle and the bestowal of the Holy Spirit on Moses’ seventy helpers (Num 11:24ff), there is the glorifying or Jesus offer his resurrection and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost.

Moses and Christ

The emphasis on Christ as the fulfilment of all that the Mosiac system was intended to teach is now stated more explicitly: “The law was given (a Hebraism for “appointed”) through Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ.” Here, as already suggested, “grace and truth” may be a hendiadys for “true grace”, that is “true forgiveness of sins”, in contrast to the typical teaching about this through the sacrifices under the Law (cp. “in spirit and in truth”; 4:23).

Alternatively, “grace and truth” may be the New Testament equivalent of the familiar Old Testament phrase “mercy and truth” which in every one of its occurrences refers to the covenants made by God with Abraham and with David. In that case the meaning is: “The law was revealed to Moses, but-greater than-that-Jesus Christ has brought the fulfilment of the Promises.”

This contrast is now summed up in a powerful allusion to Moses’ experience of seeing a veiled manifestation of the Glory of God whilst he was hidden in a cleft of the rock (Ex. 33:22). “No man hath seen (and goes on seeing) God at any time”, not even Moses/ for the theophany he beheld was specifically limited (v.22, 23). When the covenant was made at Sinai a theophany was not only heard but also seen (Ex. 24:10,11); but that was only transitory. But Jesus, the only begotten Son (contrast v.12), at the time of John’s writing had ascended into “the bosom of the Father.” John, the beloved disciple, had himself lain in Jesus’ bosom! (Jn. 13:23). Therefore who better qualified than he to “declare” Jesus? And Jesus being permanently so much more intimate with the Father than Moses ever was, what was the magnitude of the revelation of God which he could “declare”? (Mt. 11:27). The idea makes a wonderful climax to the build-up of allusions in this prologue.

Men used to talk (and still do) about the subtle philosophical ideas woven into this opening section of John’s gospel. All that is so much unmitigated rubbish. The first qualification for a proper understanding of this preliminary enunciation of the theme of the fourth gospel is an intimate knowledge of the Old Testament. It cannot be too strongly stressed that a sound appreciation of John’s gospel depends, most of all, on a clear recognition of the way in which, from start to finish, it sets Moses and Christ side by side, both for the sake of contrast and also to put beyond all argument that Jesus is greater than Moses; he is the fulfilment of all that Moses stood for.

In the last few years before the apostles passed off the scene one of the most serious problems they had to cope with was created by the intensive “counter-reformation” mounted by Judaism against Christianity (see: “The Jewish Plot”, by H.A.W.) It lured (or browbeat) many Jewish believers back to Moses and the synagogue. John’s gospel and epistles such as Colossians and Hebrews were written with the express purpose of stemming that drift. Hence John’s enunciation of the main theme of his gospel.

Notes: John 1:6-18

11.	His own. In John, only here and 10:12; 19:27.
	Received is explained in v. 12 as meaning “believed on his name”. For a vivid picture of this rejection, see Lk. 20:15.
13.	Blood. This word is plural, appropriate with reference to a human mother. If singular, ‘not of blood” would be an untrue statement, for all true believers are new-born out of the blood of Christ. Man. The common NT. word for “husband”.
14.	Among us … we behold. The pronouns seem to indicate other apostles reinforcing the testimony of John; cp. 21:24; 1 Jn. 1:1,2; contrast 20:29.
	We beheld. In the wilderness, the Glory was seen specially in the time of sacrifice; Lev. 9:22,23.
	His glory, in (a) his miracles; 2:11; 11:4,23,40; 12:37-43; (b) in Transfiguration; Lk. 9:32-35.
	The rabbis commonly said that the Second Temple lacked five things: 1. Ark (the mercy seat was known as the D’varah, the place of the Word). 2. The Glory (Shekinah has a close link with the word ’tabernacled’ here). 3. The spirit of prophecy; v.17 v 17 4. Urim and Thummim; v.18. 5. The divine fire.
	As of the only begotten. Cp. the parental joy and great feast at the weaning of Isaac; Gen. 21:8. Equivalent to this detail in John is the mention in Mt, Mk, Lk. that at the Lord’s baptism the heavens opened.
15.	Bare witness. Gk. present tense. Long after his death John’s witness still continued.
	And cried. A technical term for the work of a prophet; 7:13; Rom. 9:27; and rabbinic usage.
	He was before me. Why not ‘is’?
16	These are, of course, the comments of the apostle, not the words of the Baptist.
18	Which. Gk: ho On. Thus, very subtly, John intimates that the Divine Name (Ex. 3:14 LXX) now belongs to Jesus also (Ph. 2:9 RV; Rom. 9:5 Gk.); cp. also Jn. 3:13,31 Gk.

Luke introduces his account of the preaching of John (3:1-2) with a catalogue of the men who exercised power in God’s Land at that time. The list has been acclaimed as the hall-mark of a thorough historian, but such an interpretation misses the main point. It is true that the details Luke supplies make possible a chronology of the ministries of John and Jesus, but the real purpose was to represent the people of God as under the thrall of the powers of evil-Tiberius Caesar, Pilate and Lysanias, the Herods, Annas and Caiaphas. What a crew! A people governed, or, rather, misgoverned by such a bunch was surely ready for the gospel of the kingdom of God. Here was hard rapacity, cynical selfishness, vice unlimited, crafty wirepulling, the pride of power, and in every one of them an utter disregard for the well-being of the two or three millions of common people over whom they were set.

Those evil days

Matthew, beginning this section of his record, achieves the same effect by a different device: “And in those days came John the Baptist” (3:1). Precisely what days are not specified, but a devout Jew who knew his Scriptures would recognize the echo of Exodus 2:11,23, when Moses went out and looked on the burdens under which his brethren laboured, the children of Israel sighing by reason of the bondage. It was “in those days” that “the word of God came upon John the son of Zacharias in the wilderness” (Lk. 3:2; cp. Jer. 1:1 LXX); and it was to such a man, not to any of these eminent scoundrels, that the spirit of prophecy was imparted.

It was “the fifteenth year of the rule of Tiberius Caesar”. This infamous Tiberius reigned as emperor from A.D. 14, but he had been associated with Augustus Caesar from A.D. 11, and the word used by Luke suggests this. So the public work of John began either In A.D. 26 or 28/29, the baptism of Jesus following fairly soon after.

Messiah’s Herald

The proclamation began, not because John thought that he had a message and that the time was ripe for its proclamation, but because of a specific divine commission: “the (spoken) word of God came upon him.” At the same time he was given a sign: “Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending, and abiding upon him, the same is he which baptizeth with the Holy Spirit” (Jn. 1:33). So from the earliest possible time John knew himself to be Messiah’s forerunner. It was his work and highest honour to announce him to the nation.

Yet he did not attempt any sensational demonstration in Jerusalem and the other big cities. Instead, as the news spread that after a lapse of centuries the Spirit of prophecy burned once again in Jewry, he remained in the wilderness, and the people came to him in evergrowing crowds. The bare facts are not without their symbolic value-John was preaching “in the wilderness of Judaea” and also in “the region about Jordan” that is, not far from ancient Sodom and Gomorrha. It was a people and an epoch desperately in need of his call to repentance.

An Elijah Prophet

All John’s way of life, and especially how he dressed was designed to emphasize his message. His rough camel’s hair coat and crude skin belt were a deliberate imitation of Elijah (2 Kgs. 1:8). This is more than hinted at in Luke’s phrase: “The same John”, or “John himself “-implying, like Elijah—was dressed in this way. Thus without verbal reiteration of the fact, the fulfilment of Malachi’s prophecy (4:5) of an Elijah-like prophet was proclaimed to the nation.

The synoptists saw even more symbolic truth of this kind in the rough simple fare which he subsisted on. In the Bible, honey is symbolic of wisdom, human (Lev. 2:11; Pr. 25:16,27) or divine (Pr. 24:13; Ps. 19:10; 119:103; Rev. 10:9). John’s words were wisdom from God, free from any human modification or “refinement”. And was it not “wild honey” which enabled another John, the friend of David, to smite the Philistines? (1 Sam. 14:27-30).

John’s primitive diet quietly rebuked the obsession of the affluent, then and now, with food and drink. Perhaps the godly were reminded of the prophet Joel’s vivid use of a locust invasion (1:4; 2:1-11) to describe the inevitable divine judgment which must one day come on this people. And could they fail to be reminded also of Joel’s ringing call to repentance (2:12-17)?

A Message from the Old Testament

To all this symbolism was added the point-blank witness of Holy Scripture. John himself asserted unequivocally (Jn. 1:23) that he was the fulfilment of the majestic prophecy they were so familiar with in Isaiah 40. All four gospels make this their main point about John. There is no need to spend time arguing whether the words should read as in the A.V. or be re-punctuated to preserve the Hebrew parallelism: “In the wilderness prepare ye the way of the Lord.” The Hebrew and Greek texts allow of either. On reflection the meaning is seen to be essentially the same both ways.

But what is the meaning? Is the picture that of a diligent preparing of roads suitable for the visit of a king? Or is the idea rather that of a people preparing to meet their God by a return to Him in contrite humility? One phrase in Isaiah 40 appears to be decisive: “Behold, the Lord God will come with strong hand …” For this coming the people must make themselves ready. Here, then, was a re-statement of John’s function as a herald of the Messiah.

He insisted that Messiah’s kingdom was at hand: “The kingdom of God (of heaven) has drawn near.” Yet now, two thousand years later, that kingdom has not yet come-its coming is certain but is as yet without accomplishment. On this problem here are two worthwhile comments:

“Had the nation (of Israel) continued to obey the Lord’s voice and to keep the covenant, and when Christ came, received him as king on the proclamation of the gospel, they would doubtless have been in Canaan until now; and he might have come ere this, and be now reigning in Jerusalem, King of the Jews and Lord of the nations” (Elpis Israel, p.30], 11th ed.).

“He (God) makes the accomplishment of His declared purposes wait upon the prayers of His people” (R.R. in Nazareth Revis. p.16 )-and therefore upon their repentance.

But in this interpretation the way must be left open for the other idea, for in so many places in Isaiah the picture is that of a people returning from bondage, glad to seek again the fellowship of their God: “Cast ye up, cast ye up, prepare the way, take up the stumbling-block out of the way of my people” (57:14). “I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not; I will lead them in paths that they have not known: I will make darkness light before them, and crooked things straight. . .They shall be turned back (i.e. repentant), they shall be greatly ashamed” (42:15-17).

Isaiah, always Isaiah

John called for a complete reversal of existing standards-valleys filled, mountains and hills to be made low, that is, an end to religious privilege, Jewry on the same level before God as all the rest of the world (cp. Is. 41:15-18; 2:12-15-the same symbolism). In the Hebrew text “the crooked shall be made straight” reads almost like: “Jacob shall be made Israel”, and it was precisely this which John sought to achieve.

Isaiah’s “Comfort ye!” also means “Repent ye!” Clearly, this is how John read his main proof-text (it is there in Mat. 3:7c also). And to this imperative he also added: “Believe” (Acts 19:4). Moreover, Isaiah (and John) foretold what a national repentance of Israel might accomplish: “The glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh (the Gentiles included) shall see it together.” Here the LXX version reads: “shall see the salvation (the Jesus!) of God” (and in Is. 52:9,10), and this is adopted by Luke in his citation of the passage. The saving of those who are flesh, tne mere grass and flowers of the field, is the manifestation of the glory of the Lord—this is His Glory, His greatest work.

Isaiah continues, and no doubt John preached (because this Scripture specially was his text): “the grass withereth, the flower fadeth: but the Word of our God (Jesus, the Word made flesh) shall rise, shall be raised, for ever” (the Hebrew text uses the word for resurrection). So John taught the people to be expectant. With Isaiah, he said to the cities of Judah: “Behold, your God”—and he pointed them to one who would “feed his flock like a shepherd, and gather the lambs with his arm.”

So completely did Isaiah anticipate John’s work as a herald that Mark introduces his account of the Baptist with a masterly “confusion” of his prophetic sources: “As it is written in Isaiah the prophet, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face which shall prepare the way before thee” (1:2). But this quotation is from Malachi 3:1. To be sure, it is followed immediately by the familar words of Isaiah 40. But why should Mark apparently attribute Malachi’s words to Isaiah, also? A simple answer is that this is Mark’s way of expressing his conviction that the Malachi prophecy was not independent but rather was a conscious comment on or expansion of the words of Isaiah. That Mark knew that he was putting together passages from two different prophets is clear from the fact that his Malachi quotation follows the Hebrew Masoretic text (with one small significant change) whilst the words of Isaiah are the LXX Greek text verbatim.

The Isaiah prophecy is referred to (Mt. Lk) as “spoken” by the prophet. This is with reference to “the voice in the wilderness”. In the primary meaning of the prophecy, that voice was Isaiah himself. And now the “spoken word” descends from God upon His messenger John (Lk).

When the apostle John includes the Isaiah quote (1:23), he seems deliberately to switch from the LXX to a different Greek verb, as though to make allusion to Joshua’s last appeal for repentance in Israel: “Put away the strange gods which are among you, and incline your heart unto the Lord God of Israel” (24:23).

Austere, but gracious

Though John may have been dour and exacting in his demands for a drastic change of heart in Jewry, there was yet something gracious and encouraging and understanding about him. “Prepare ye the way of the Lord”, was his imperative, the Greek form of the verb requiring immediate and decisive action. But there was nothing rigid about his teaching; no spiritual strait-jacket, this. “Make his paths straight”. So whilst there was only one way of the Lord, there were several paths by which a man might draw near. But the word for “paths” means “worn tracks”. In other words, the recognized well-established ways of religion in Israel were devious. They needed to be “made straight” (Pr. 4:26 RVm).

And whilst “Repent ye: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand” carried a solemn implication of the coming of a Judge, there was also the gracious call to experience the remission of sins through the rite of baptism which he offered. Both Mark and Luke give prominence to this, but Matthew carefully leaves it out, presumably because it is his purpose to follow on immediately with a detailed account of the baptism of Jesus, and the juxtaposition of these ideas might convey wrong impressions that Jesus, like all the rest, needed remission of sins.

(It will be shown in the next study that in all essentials John’s baptism was an anticipation of Christian baptism. For the present, attention is directed to Lk. 1:77; Mt. 26:28; Acts 2:38.)

The great Isaiah 40 prophecy is, of course, a proper corrective of this misconception (that Jesus needed to have sins forgiven). It calls his work “the way of Jehovah”; it bids men prepare “a highway for our God”. And Mark’s use of Malachi is made with a significant change of pronoun. “Prepare the way before me, the Lord of hosts” becomes: “Prepare thy way before thee”. Those familiar with the doctrine of God-manifestation in Christ find no problem here. (See “He is risen indeed”, p. 73,74).

Disciples of all Kinds

The people turned out in crowds to hear the preaching of John. “Jerusalem and all Judaea”, writes Matthew, with evident allusion to John’s text in Isaiah (40:2,9). But much of this attention was fashionable curiosity regarding this man who was so different, so peremptory in his demands, and so sure of the divine authority of his message. To those who came in sincerity he taught a humble repudiation of any spirit of self-justification.

Concerning evil practices now to be put away he encouraged open confession (s.w. Acts 19:18)-to himself or before all the rest? He brought his disciples to the waters of baptism, there to reject their old way of life and to consecrate themselves to the service of the Messiah, now about to be manifested. Thus within a short time-probably a matter of months only—he built up a solid body of disciples who accepted his reforming spirit into their lives.

But there were others who came in a different frame of mind. These included Pharisees and Sadducees to whom any spirit of true self-abnegation was altogether foreign. Some of these, it is certain, were an official deputation from the religious authorities in Jerusalem, enquiring into the bona fides of this new prophet (Jn. 1:19). The findings of this commission were never published, for they could find nothing amiss with either the man or the message, and in later days Jesus reproached them openly for their lack of candour in their official attitude concerning John (Mk. 11:27-33).

Also it may be surmised that some of these religious leaders who came to John’s baptism were feigning discipleship. The real motive of these evil men was to join the new movement in pretence, with the deliberate intention of wrecking it later on from within. This was the policy they followed with the early church after the ascension of Jesus, and with no little success (e.g. Gal. 2:4). John saw through their pretensions at once, and roundly castigated them for it: “Generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come?” (1 Th. 1:10; 2:16 Rom. 1:18). Perhaps his figure is that of snakes sliding rapidly through the undergrowth before the fierce heat of an advancing fire. But more likely John here labelled them as the seed of the serpent (Ps. 58:3-5), which in the guise of friendly adviser wrought such evil in Eden. The Messiah, the promised Seed of the woman, is soon to be manifested, John warned them, to crush in the head not only the serpent but all his evil brood (Gen. 3:15). This kind of application of the primeval prophecy is to be traced right through the New Testament-in John’s gospel and first epistle, in several of Paul’s letters, and on into Revelation.

To these men who came to him full of confidence in their own spiritual qualifications John put a peremptory demand for immediate repentance (the Greek has an aorist imperative here) and for a life of practical godliness which would make their change of heart evident not only to God but also to men.

All self-esteem must be let go. “Think not to say within yourselves (the Greek verb implies cock-sureness), we have Abraham to our father.” These men, the seed of Eden’s serpent, preened themselves on having the blood of Abraham in their veins, as though that fact could in itself make them spiritually acceptable to God. The Talmud has this: “A single Israelite is of more worth in God’s sight than all the nations of the world.” True, of course, regarding a true i Israelite but not true of these self-righteous _t charlatans.

A year or two later Christ’s counter to this ,attitude was: “If ye were Abraham’s children, ye would do the works of Abraham” (Jn. 8:39,44). The Baptist’s more withering retort was: ‘I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham.” It has been suggested that as he spoke John pointed to the cairn of twelve great stones which had been lifted from the bed of the Jordan when Israel crossed into the Land of Promise (Mt. 3:9; Josh. 4:3).

There is a hint here that John spoke in Aramaic, or even in Hebrew, making a play on the words for “sons” and “stones”. But there was no light-hearted joke. John’s words carried a grim message to these who vaunted their national privilege. In effect, he declared all Jewry excommunicated. To be accepted by God, every man jack of them must start life afresh in His sight, rising as a new creature from the waters of baptism, and disowning by repentance the old way of life. It may be that John’s allusion was not to Joshua’s cairn, but to “these stones”-the slabs which sealed the tombs in that vicinity, pointing well the lesson that before a man can live unto God he must first die; and this John bade them do in the waters of baptism.

Again the message came from Isaiah: “Hearken to me, ye that follow after righteousness, ye that seek the Lord (note the irony here!): consider the rock whence ye are hewn, and the hole of the pit whence ye are digged. Consider Abraham your father, and Sarah that bare you: for I called him alone, and blessed him, and increased him” (51:1,2). The point here is easy to grasp. There must be no pride in descent from Abraham, for if God called this holy couple, aged, childless, sterile, and made them into a great nation, He could do the same again-and will! For the context in Isaiah goes on to foretell the passing of the Mosaic order and the acceptance of Gentiles as seed of Abraham (v.4-8).

Vivid Metaphors

John’s warnings of impending judgment were couched in terms of two figures of speech, both culled from his favourite Isaiah. There is the picture of the lumberman shaping up with his keenly-sharpened axe precisely where the first cut shall be made for the felling of a fruitless tree (Mt.7:19;Lk. 13:7-9; Jn. 15:6). Or possibly this figure had another slant. The temple was garnished with wonderful carved work-trees large as life (1 Kgs. 6:29). It is conceivable that these pseudo-religious Pharisees and Sadducees thought of themselves as “palm trees … planted in the house of the Lord” (Ps. 92:12,13). In that case, John’s warning is a reminder of a prophecy in the Psalms of a time when men would both literally and figuratively “break down the carved work thereof with axes and hammers” and “cast fire into the sanctuary” (74:6,7).

John talked also about the threshing and winnowing of the corn, followed by the fierce blaze of burning chaff. (The temple area was a threshing floor! 2 Sam. 24:18ff). It was customary to separate wheat and chaff with the use of a large shovel called a fan. By means of this the threshed wheat was cast up into the air against the wind. The light chaff was blown down-wind, whilst the heavier grain fell to the ground near at hand. Thus the wind (or, spirit) of the Lord separated the good from the worthless. Then the chaff was burned with a blaze which was inextinguishable until there was nothing left to burn (Jer. 23:28,29). In this sense, and not in any mediaeval hell-fire sense, the fire was unquenchable.

These two figures-of trees to be cut down (literally: cut out), and of chaff to be burned to ashes-are intermingled in the prophets, as they were also in John’s admonitory preaching:

“Therefore as the fire devoureth the stubble, and the flame consumeth the chaff, so their root shall be rottenness, and their blossom shall go up as dust: because they have cast away the law of the Lord of hosts, and despised the word of the Holy One of Israel” (Is. 5:24).

“Behold, I will make thee a sharp threshing instrument having teeth: thou shalt thresh the mountains, and beat them small, and shalt make the hills as chaff. Thou shalt fan them, and the wind shall carry them away, and the whirlwind shall scatter them” (41:15,16).

“For, behold, the day cometh that shall burn as an oven; and all the proud, yea, and all that do wickedly shall be as stubble. . .that it shall leave them neither root nor branch” (Mal. 4:1 and 3:2,3).

John may even have been implying that Messiah would deal with the unworthy as with the mighty oppressors of Israel-”like the chaff of the summer threshing floor, the wind (the Spirit) carrying them away that no place be found for them” (Dan. 2:35).

Fire or fire!

John’s preaching was not all minatory. There was also the winsome appeal of the blessings which Messiah would bring. It is remarkable that John chose to emphasize, not the alluring pictures painted by the Old Testament prophets of the Messianic Age, but another of Isaiah’s prophecies: “He shall baptize you with the Holy Spirit, (even) with fire” (Mt. 3:11). Thus John set alternatives before the people-either Messiah’s fire of regeneration, or Messiah’s unquenchable fire of destruction. It must be one or the other.

Isaiah and his contemporaries had the same choice set before them-either the purging of sin by a coal from the altar, brought by one of the Lord’s “fiery ones” (6:6,7) or the fire of judgment devouring the stubble (5:24). By and by Jesus himself was to bid men make their choice: “Every one shall be salted (as a sacrifice; Ley. 2:13) for the fire (of God’s altar);” the alternative-a Gehenna of fire “where their worm dieth not and the fire is not quenched” (Mk. 9:48,49).

To this day the issue is unchanged. Either the zeal of God’s house eats a man up, like the flame of the altar of consecration, or else the Lord is revealed to him in the Last Day in flaming fire, taking vengeance because he knows not God (2 Th. 1:8,9). Is there really any other alternative?

“Is he the Messiah?”

In everything John pointed men away from himself and towards the coming Messiah. “He is mightier than I … coming after me, he is preferred before me.” I am not worthy to baptize him. Even “his shoes I am not worthy to stoop down and unloose (as he prepares for baptism), not worthy to bear them” (Mt. 3:11; Mk. 1:7;Jn. 1:15).

It is possible that by this figure of speech John was alluding to the Mosaic practice of loosing the sandal of one who refused his brother’s widow a (evirate marriage, thus proclaiming: ‘The Law is dead. The One who comes after me will raise up true seed to Israel. There will be no reproach possible against him.’ If this idea is correct, John was also implying that there was room for ample reproach of this kind against the priests and rabbis.

John’s campaign set the people in a state of high expectation. “All men (of every kind and character) mused in their hearts, whether he were the Christ or not.” This statement by Luke (3:15) is altogether mvstifying. Had not John explicitly disavowed all Messianic claims? Had he not plainly proclaimed himself a forerunner? And was he not a Levitical priest, with no descent from David? And since the Messiah was universally expected to be a mighty King of the Jews, how could they possibly assign such a role to John? Perhaps there was a school of thought which considered the possiblity of Messiah’s manifestation first of all in a much humbler role. The word “mused”—RV: reasoned-is almost always used in a bad sense, here perhaps hinting at Luke’s depreciation of the biblical ignorance behind these speculations. Soon John was driven to say explicitly: “I am not the Christ” (Jn. 1:20).

Counsel in Godliness

Some among the people received John’s exhortations with deep seriousness of purpose. “What then must we do?” they asked of him in response to his demand for repentance. Obsessed by the ideal of salvation by works, they pressed their enquiry: “What must we do?”

The replies which John gave to the various types of individual who recognized the need for reformation are not to be interpreted as being the gospel which he preached, but rather as examples of how the repentant spirit which he called for should express itself in what is nowadays called “practical Christianity”.

“He that hath two coats, let him impart to him that hath none.” It was a doctrine which found little expression in Jewry, and almost none at all in the pagan world outside. Thus John stressed personal responsibility (in the spirit of the Good Samaritan) for social problems with which there is personal contact—a striking contrast with the formal institutionalised soul-less benevolence which the 20th century specialises in.

And here already, in anticipation of the Lord’s Sermon on the Mount, was a big emphasis on faith as the virtue which specially commends a man to God. For in those days when insurance was unknown and national health or national security schemes not even thought of, it called for real faith to believe that God would not let a man down when he tried to live in such an altruistic spirit. God is never in debt to any man, but remarkably few have the faith to believe this.

Publicans were among those who took John’s message seriously. With lively and uneasy consciences they sought his guidance, hoping doubtless that he would view with tolerance their alliance for profit’s sake with the hated Roman master-race. There is nothing amiss in itself with tax-collecting, said John, anticipating the teaching of his Master (Mt. 22:21), but you shall be tax-gatherers of a kind the world has never seen as yet-fair and reasonable, free from all rapacity. John may even have meant: ‘Collect only the sums demanded by your Roman masters. Do not add any overheads or personal surcharge for your own pockets which are already well-lined. You have already plundered the people so much that you can easlily live for the rest of your days on what you have already amassed.’

Was Matthew one of these publicans, being made ready for the better life he was soon to lead? Zaccheus in Jericho almost certainly heard this call to sanctified government service, and doubtless had many a sleepless night because of it.

Soldiers also were constantly among those who were drawn by the magnetism of this rough single-minded preacher. These men were nationalist irregulars preparing to help Barabbas in his bid for power. With three concise commandments John shot their insurrection fervour to fragments:

“Do violence to no man” (he used a word which pointedly suggests political revolution). Abandon all idea of either guerilla fighting or open war against the Roman regime, no matter how much you hate it.

Nor must you turn against those who choose to co-operate with Rome. “Neither accuse any falsely.” Cease your campaign of lies and vilification against your rulers and against all who work with them.

“Be content with your wages.” Settle down to a quiet orderly life, and cease your struggle centred on materialism and politics.

Again, all this was a remarkable anticipation of the principles of the Sermon on the Mount.

Even harlots sensed that they could find on Jordan’s banks solace for their souls and wise guidance for a new and better life (Mt. 21:32), but what John said to them is not recorded. It may be readily surmised.

John’s stirring call was heard and its power felt throughout the nation, specially in Nazareth, and even much further afield than that, for evidently some of the Dispersion who came to Jerusalem for the Feasts were drawn by the news of this preacher, and then went home to pass his message on to others (Acts 13:24,25; 18:25; 19:1-7).

“And many other things in his exhortation preached he unto the people” (Lk). What other things? There was the open rebuke of the vicious life of Herod (3:19). There was encouragement of his close disciples in the art of prayer (11:1), and doubtless a good deal more instruction was educed from Isaiah 40 (and later chapters) and from Malachi 3,4—the prophecies which were so pointedly about himself.

By all these means the way was being prepared.

And the signal reached not only the people but also the King in his obscurity.

Failure

Yet the sorry fact has to be faced that John’s mission turned into failure.

“The Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God, being not baptized of him” (Lk. 7:30). “Why did ye not then believe him?” (Mt. 21:25).

“He (John) was a burning and a shining light, and ye were willing tor a season to rejoice in his light” (Jn. 5:35)

The parable of the unclean spirit cast out and later returning with seven more worse than himself (Mt. 12:43-45) is a picture of the evanescent repentance and renewed corruption of “this wicked generation”.

“Elias is come already, and they have done unto him whatsoever they listed. Likewise also shall the Son of man suffer of them” (Mt. 17:12).

‘If ye will receive him, this is Elias which was for to come … John came neither eating nor drinking,and they say, he hath a devil” (Mt. 11:14,18). Compare also: Ez. 33:31,32.

Josephus’ Account of John the Baptist

“Now, some of the Jews thought that the destruction of Herod’s army came from God, and that very justly, as a punishment of what he did against John, that was called the Baptist: for Herod slew him, who was a good man, and commanded the Jews to exercise virtue, both as to righteousness towards one another, and piety towards God, and so to come to baptism; for that the washing would be acceptable to him, if they made use of it, not in order to the putting away of some sins, but for the purification of the body: supposing still that the soul was thoroughly purified beforehand by righteousness. Now, when others came to crowd about him, for they were greatly moved by hearing his words, Herod, who feared lest the great influence John had over the people might put it into his power and inclination to raise a rebellion (for they seemed ready to do any thing he should advise), thought it best, by putting him to death, to prevent any mischief he might cause, and not bring himself into difficulties, by sparing a man who might make him repent of it when it should be too late. Accordingly he was sent a prisoner, out of Herod’s suspicious temper, to Machaerus, the castle I mentioned, and was there put to death.” (Ant. 18.5.2). Here it is interesting to note:

1. how completely Josephus misunderstood the meaning of baptism;
2. that he believed the characteristic Greek body/soul dichotomy;
3. that he assigns a hopelessly wrong reason for the imprisonment of John.

Notes: Matthew 3:1-12.

1.	Preaching: “heralding”- “The voice of a crier begotten of a dumb father”.
2.	Kingdom of heaven. Matthew’s characteristically Jewish equivalent for the kingdom of God, as the following parables demonstrate:
		4:17 = Mk 1:15 11:11 = 7:28 19:14 = 10:14 13:11 = 8:10 5:3 = Lk. 6:20
6.	Confessing their sins. Literally: “confessing forth”; cp.Jas. 5:16; Acts 19:18. Is there any 20th century equivalent of this? Confession of personal sins was a completely new thing in Israel; and nationally, only on the Day of Atonement.
7.	He said; i.e.kept on saying.
	The wrath to come. This phrase curtly refuted the Sadducees’ doctrine of the hereafter.
8.	Fruits meet for repentance, thus emphasizing that repentance is more than confession of faith and baptism.
9.	Stones. The play on “sons”, in Aramaic or Hebrew, shows the language of John’s preaching. The same argument, only more copious, proves that Jesus habitually used Greek.
	Children of Abraham. The same mentality in Rom. 2:17-29; Is. 48:1,2; Mic. 3:11; Jer. 7:3,4.
10.	The root of the tree … fire. Consider Ps. 80:16,17; Is. 10:33,34. Fire is the doom of every fruitless fruit tree:
	Mt. 7:19; Ik. 13:7,9; Jn. 15:6. 12. Note: His wheat… the chaff.

Mark 1:2-8

1.	The Gospel, used for (a) the good news of the kingdom; (b) the sum of saving knowledge (traditionally); (c) narrative about the Lord, as in 1 Cor. 15:l;2Tim.2:8.
4.	Remission. In O.T. comes only in context of Year of Jubilee or Day of Atonement. Here, neither.
5.	The river of Jordan. Specified here (and only here) as a river because Mark’s readers were Romans, who knew nothing of the Jordan?
6.	Camel’shair, worn by a priest, in spite of Lev. 11:4. Hinting at the end of the Mosaic order?
7.	Stoop. In LXX the normal meaning is “worship”.
8.	/ baptized. The past tense suggests that these words were addressed to John’s own converts.

Luke 3:1-18

1.	Iturea. 1 Chr. 1:31 suggests the Edomite origin of the name. Lysanias… Abilene. Why mentioned at ail?
2.	Annas and Caiaphas. The former was high priest from A.D. 7 to 14, and the latter from 17 to 35, with three other high priests in between. But through all this period Annas was the only one who really held authority. Hence Jn. 18:13,24.
4.	The way of the Lord. This recurs, in the same context, in Acts 18:25.
5.	Every valley. . . filled, every mountain … brought low. The rabbis coined and transmitted the fantasy that the Shekinah Glory did precisely this for Israel in the wilderness.
	The extra quotation here in v. 5,6 sums up figuratively the ideas of repentance and remission of sins. It also indicates that N.T quotes from O.T. do not necessarily cite all that is relevant for the purpose in mind.
6.	Salvation of God. Another Isaiah phrase equivalent to “righteousness”; 52:10; 56:1; 46:13; 51:5.
8.	Begin not. This seems to suggest that John feared that the crowds listening to him might be influenced by Pharisee-Sadducee criticism.
15.	Whether he be; more literally: lest he be, as though implying alarm: “and we unprepared for his coming.”
16.	Worth. Gr: sufficient. But Acts 13:25 has a word which means “worthy”.
	Fire. For the double idea mentioned in the text, see also: Is 4:4,5; Lev. 10:2; Mic. 5:7,8; Mt. 13:42,43; Acts 2:3,18,19. Compare also Peter’s double use of the symbol of water-either saved or destroyed by it (1 Pet. 3:20). Similarly baptism saves or condemns.

John the Baptist and Isaiah

40:1; 46:8 LXX:	Repent.
40:4; 59:8:	Crooked made straight.
40:7	Spirit, wind.
40:9;	Jerusalem, Judaea.
40:24,30 LXX:	Axe
41:14,16:	Chaff, fan, wind (spirit)
43:16,17:	Stronger than I.
51:2,1:	Abraham our father… these stones.
52:10; 56:1,2 etc:	Salvation of God.
58:7:	Food to the poor, two coats.
59:5:	Generation of vipers.

The ideas associated with the baptism which was the central feature of John’s ministry are often vague or quite mistaken, so perhaps it may be worth-while to re-examine the gospels’ teaching about it.

Statements can be found in many of the commentaries to the effect that John was merely making use of a familiar existing rite or institution in order to emphasize that his converts were converted; e.g. Carr in Cambridge Greek Testament: “In baptizing John introduced no new custom, for ceremonial ablution or baptism was practised in all ancient religions… Among the Jews proselytes were baptized on admission to the Mosaic covenant. John’s baptism was the outward sign of the purification and life-giving change, and contained the promise of forgiveness of sins.”

Most of this is either incorrect or misleading. Other religions may have had ceremonial washings, but these were not baptisms, nor is it conceivable that there was any sort of connection between John’s baptism and any of them. Neither is there any evidence that at this time the Jews administered a form of baptism to converts to their faith. So far as is known, this came in as a Jewish practice after the first century. True, a mikveh has been excavated at Masada, but it is certain that the meaning and purpose of such washings had no resemblance to the baptism John administered.

If indeed the Jews were already familiar with baptism as a religious observance it is difficult to see why Josephus should give John the distinctive title of “Baptist” (Jos. Ant.18.5.2).

Something New: Christian Baptism

That John’s baptism was altogether new is strongly implied by the reaction of the Jewish leaders. “The Jews sent priests and Levites from Jerusalem… and they asked him, Why baptizest thou then, if thou be not that Christ, nor Elias, neither that prophet?” (Jn. 1:19,25). The words imply the introduction of something completely new. If baptism of proselytes was already known, John’s baptism was no innovation and there was no ground at all for either indignation or mystification.

All the available evidence points to a different conclusion-that it was a completely new ordinance, and that it was essentially Christian baptism, pointing forward to the death of Christ, just as baptism now looks back to that crucial event.

A Rite of Forgiveness

The first and clearest point to be made in support of this interpretation is that this baptism was “for the remission of sins” (Mk. 1:4). This, by itself, should be regarded as decisive, for there is no forgiveness of sins apart from Christ (Mt. 26:28; Acts 2:38; 5:31; 22:16). So this must have been essentially a Christian baptism. Clearly John proclaimed not only a royal Messiah but also a suffering Messiah. It has been suggested that against the background of this teaching he baptized his converts into “the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world” (Jn. 1:29,36 definitely implies that he had instructed his disciples about “the Lamb of God’). In any case, this “baptism for the remission of sins” is evidently something more efficacious than the Mosaic sacrificial system.

It is noteworthy that the introduction to Mark’s gospel announces “the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ” and then for the next nine verses talks about John and his mission, with four explicit references to baptism. And Jesus himself declared that “the law and the prophets were until John: from that time the kingdom of God is preached” (Lk. 16:16).

Making Messiah manifest

John’s own declaration of the purpose and aim of the baptism he administered was this: “I knew him not; but that he should be made manifest to Israel, therefore am I come baptizing with water” (Jn. 1:31). These words will carry more than one interpretation. Either John meant that the Messiah could only be manifest to a nation showing repentance (as will assuredly be the case when he comes again). Or, the rite of baptism was a means of manifesting Messiah to the people; it had no meaning apart from Him. Which?

Four other passages for the discerning:

• John’s role was clearly enunciated by his father’s inspired prophecy: “Thou, child… shalt go before the face of the Lord… to give knowledge of salvation unto his people in the remission of sins” (Lk. 1:77).
• “Now (before the death of Christ) ye are clean through the word I have spoken unto you” (Jn. 15:3). How could they be “clean” except through a baptism (based on the Lord’s teaching) already experienced before the death of Christ?
• “He that is bathed (RV) needeth not save to wash his feet” (Jn. 13:10). Here are the correlated blessings of Baptism and the Breaking of Bread.
• “Then are the children (Jesus and Peter) free” (Mt. 17:26). What difference between the status of Peter and his fellow-Jews except that he had become a child of God through baptism?

The Lord’s own baptism

Christ’s own baptism at the hands of John is difficult to make sense of if this new sacrament was simply intended to be an expression of repentance, the turning over of a new leaf. The commentaries mostly dodge the question. But Jesus said: “Thus it becometh us (himself and all others receiving baptism) to fulfil all righteousness” (Mt. 3:15). He needed this baptism. As one of fallen Adam’s race he needed to be associated with the regeneration, which only his own death and resurrection could bring.

Then, too, there is the problem of the baptism which Jesus himself required of his disciples during his ministry. It is mentioned alongside that of his fore-runner (Jn. 3:22,23) in a way, which makes it impossible to believe that there was any essential difference between the two. If both expressed a sharing of the blessings of forgiveness of sins that God would provide through the Messiah, there is no difficulty. And, no doubt, what was only dimly comprehended at first became much more intelligible in later days. But if this is not the idea, then what was the intention and purpose behind the baptism, which Jesus administered (through his apostles)? After Pentecost was its meaning changed?

Apollos and the men at Ephesus

The description of the work of Apollos years later is strangely incongruous apart from the interpretation argued for here. “This man was instructed in the way of the Lord; and being fervent in the spirit, he spake and taught diligently the things concerning Jesus, knowing only the baptism of John” (Acts 18:25). Here was one whose knowledge of saving truth had evidently branched off from the main stream of available instruction before the Baptist’s tragic end, or he would have known more than the baptism of John. Yet he knew “the way of the Lord” and “taught diligently the things concerning Jesus” (see any modern version on this). If John’s baptism associated a man with the saving work of Jesus, no difficulty remains.

Lastly, there is the problem of the disciples of John at Ephesus who apparently accepted a second baptism-Christian baptism-at the hands of Paul (Acts 19:1-7). The narrative needs to be read with care. “We have not so much as heard whether there be any Holy Spirit”, they declared. But John had given this a prominent place in his teaching: “He shall baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire” (Lk. 3:16). So it would seem that there were marked defects in the instruction of these men so as to seriously invalidate the baptism they had received, for is not baptism an “obeying from the heart that form of doctrine which was delivered you” (Rom. 6:17)? So Paul’s insistence on fuller instruction and an ensuing true baptism appears to have been altogether necessary. In the Companion Bible Bullinger handles this problem rather differently. He repunctuates, concluding Paul’s words at the end of verse 5. The nett result is the same.

The accumulation of evidence brought together here points fairly strongly to the conclusion that there is no essential difference between John’s baptism and that which the convert to the faith of Christ receives today. Just as Christian baptism is retrospective, looking back to the death and resurrection of Christ, so the rite administered by John looked forward, with exactly the same meaning.

Instruction first

It is useful to note the various “First Principles” of the gospel which are traceable in the teaching of John:

• “All flesh is grass “(Is. 40:6-8)-the mortality of man and his need of redemption.
• “Behold the Lamb of God” (Jn. 1–29,36) -Jesus the sacrifice for men’s sins.
• Jesus the judge of all (Lk. 3:17).
• The Holy Spirit (3:16).
• Repentance (3:3; Mt. 3:2) and baptism for remission of sins (Mk. 1:4).
• The life of faith and self-denial (Lk.3: 10-14).
• The resurrection of the Redeemer; “the Word of our God shall rise up for ever” (Is. 40:8); Matthew 14:2 also implies that John had taught a doctrine of resurrection.
• The kingdom of God (Mt. 3:2; 4:17 are identical).

So the baptism men accepted from John was no baptism of ignorance. The next study will show that, like any true Christian baptism, it was preceded by personal interrogation.